tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-808310635346241432024-03-05T00:51:52.279-08:00ias ssc rrbias ssc rrbhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18096897358057854014noreply@blogger.comBlogger24125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-80831063534624143.post-28207155946368808952016-11-17T04:28:00.005-08:002016-11-17T04:29:05.800-08:00last 20 years ias mains solved question paper<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="http://linkshrink.net/7Fzqyj"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">last 20 years ias mains solved question paper</span></b></a></h2>
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ias ssc rrbhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18096897358057854014noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-80831063534624143.post-28436889388881668842016-11-12T23:02:00.003-08:002016-11-12T23:02:53.645-08:00Tina dabi answer sheet<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<a href="http://linkshrink.net/7f9E62"><span style="font-size: x-large;">ANSWER SHEET OF TINA DABI</span></a></div>
ias ssc rrbhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18096897358057854014noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-80831063534624143.post-38979223683893657962016-10-29T03:44:00.001-07:002016-10-29T03:44:37.275-07:00Female literacy in India<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"> According to a recently conducted research by New York-based International Commission on Financing Global Education Opportunity, India’s school education system is under-performing in terms of quality when compared to its neighbors, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Nepal.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">The proportion of women who completed five years of primary schooling in India and were literate was 48%, much less than 92% in Nepal, 74% in Pakistan and 54% in Bangladesh.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Female literacy rates went up by one to 15% after completing two years of schooling. Corresponding numbers for Pakistan and Nepal were 3 to 31% and 11 to 47% respectively. This implies that schooling is roughly twice as productive at generating literacy for women during the early grades in Pakistan when compared to India.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">India ranks 38th among the 51 developing countries. Indonesia, Rwanda, Ethiopia and Tanzania — all rank higher than India.</li>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">Analysis:</span></div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Low female literacy rate means an overall sluggish growth of India, as it impacts every arena of the development. India is struggling hard to stabilize its growing population through family planning programs. But if females are illiterate, then this has a direct and negative impact on these initiatives.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">When a girl or a woman is not educated, it is not only she who suffers but the entire family has to bear the consequences of her illiteracy. It has been found out that illiterate women face more hardships in life than literate ones. They have high levels of fertility as well as mortality; they suffer from malnutrition and all other related health problems.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Lack of education means lack of awareness. Illiterate women are not aware of their rights. They know nothing about initiatives taken by the government for their welfare. Illiterate women keep on struggling hard and bear harshness of life, family and even their husbands.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">There are many reasons behind the low literacy among women in India. The negative attitude of parents towards the girl child and her education is one of the major reasons of low female literacy rate in India. In most of the families, boys at home are given priority in terms of education but girls are not treated in the same way.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Poverty is the root cause of many problems in India and also of low female literacy rate.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Another barrier to female education in India is the lack of female teachers. As India is a gender segregated society, it is a very important factor in the low female literacy rate in India.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">But in spite of all reasons, women must understand and realize that education can actually end the vivacious cycle of poverty, their misfortune, so that they can live a life with pride. In case of any misfortune in life, it is education that would help her, not anything else. The government should really work towards the number, distance and quality of schools in rural as well as urban India. We should encourage the girl child in getting education to create a balanced and an educated society</li>
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ias ssc rrbhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18096897358057854014noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-80831063534624143.post-51295901397084144382016-10-26T05:23:00.001-07:002016-10-26T05:23:20.326-07:00Capital account Convertibility<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"> The government is not yet ready for full capital account convertibility even though former governor of RBI Raghuram rajan had said the central bank was looking at bringing in capital account convertibility in a few years.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">India currently has full convertibility of the rupee in current accounts such as for exports and imports. However, India’s capital account convertibility is not full. There are ceilings on government and corporate debt, external commercial borrowings and equity.</li>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">About Capital account convertibility:</span></div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Capital Account Convertibility means that the currency of a country can be converted into foreign exchange without any controls or restrictions. In other words, Indians can convert their Rupees into Dollars or Euros and Vice Versa without any restrictions placed on them. The reason why it is called capital account convertibility is that the conversion of domestic currencies into foreign currencies is allowed in the capital account and not only the current account.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Capital account refers to expenditures and investments in hard assets, physical premises, and factories as well as investments in land and other capital-intensive items</li>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">Analysis:<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Advantages</span></div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Full capital account convertibility opens up the country’s markets to global players, including investors, businesses and trade partners. This allows easy access to capital for different businesses and sectors, positively impacting a nation’s economy.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Opening up to fully convertible currency is a solid sign that a country and its markets are stable and mature enough to handle free and unrestricted movement of the capital, which attracts investments making the economy better.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">With increased participation from global players, new businesses, strategic partnerships and direct investments flourish. It also helps in creating new employment opportunities across various industry sectors, as well as nurturing entrepreneurship for new businesses.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Sectors like insurance, fertilizers, retail, etc. have restrictions on foreign direct investments. Full convertibility will open the doors of many big international players to invest in these sectors, enabling much-needed reforms and bringing variety to the Indian masses.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Indian businesses will be able to issue foreign currency-denominated debt to local Indian investors.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Indian businesses will be able to hold foreign currency deposits in local Indian banks for capital requirements.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Indian banks will be able to borrow/lend to foreign banks in foreign currencies.</li>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">Disadvantages</span></div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Amid a lack of suitable regulatory control and rates subject to open markets with large number of global market participants, high levels of volatility, devaluation or inflation in forex rates may happen, challenging the country’s economy.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Businesses can easily raise foreign debt, but they are prone to the risk of high repayments if exchange rates become unfavorable</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">A rising unregulated rupee makes Indian exports less competitive in the international markets. Export-oriented economies like India and China prefer to keep their exchanges rates lower to retain the low-cost advantage.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Full capital account convertibility has worked well in well-regulated nations that have a robust infrastructure in place. India’s basic challenges—high dependence on exports, burgeoning population, corruption, socio-economic complexities and challenges of bureaucracy—may lead to economic setbacks post-full rupee convertibility.</li>
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ias ssc rrbhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18096897358057854014noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-80831063534624143.post-16987318213573762662016-10-26T05:21:00.002-07:002016-10-26T05:21:29.636-07:00H5 Avian Influenza<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"> The Centre formed a three-member committee to keep a close watch on the bird flu situation even as over 40 avian deaths have been reported in the national capital.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">This is formed after the reports of mortality among the birds in National Zoological Park, Delhi NCR and other parts of the country due to H5 avian influenza virus.</li>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">About Avian influenza:</span></div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Avian influenza (AI), commonly called bird flu, is an infectious viral disease of birds.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Most avian influenza viruses do not infect humans; however some, such as A(H5N1) and A(H7N9), have caused serious infections in people.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Outbreaks of AI in poultry may raise global public health concerns due to their effect on poultry populations, their potential to cause serious disease in people, and their pandemic potential.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">The majority of human cases of A(H5N1) and A(H7N9) infection have been associated with direct or indirect contact with infected live or dead poultry. There is no evidence that the disease can be spread to people through properly cooked food.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">The A(H5N1) virus subtype, a highly pathogenic AI virus, first infected humans in 1997 during a poultry outbreak in Hong Kong SAR, China. Since its widespread re-emergence in 2003 and 2004, this avian virus has spread from Asia to Europe and Africa and has become entrenched in poultry in some countries, resulting in millions of poultry infections, several hundred human cases, and many human deaths. Outbreaks in poultry have seriously impacted livelihoods, the economy and international trade in affected countries.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">The A(H7N9) virus subtype is a low pathogenic AI virus.</li>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">How H5N8 is transmitted among birds?</span></div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Though wild birds can normally carry avian influenza viruses in their respiratory tracts they do not commonly get sick. The virus can spread among birds through direct contact with secretions from infected birds, contaminated feed, water, equipment, and human clothing and shoes. They can also transmit through movement of domestic live birds, people (through contaminated shoes and clothing), contaminated vehicles, equipment, feed and cages.</li>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">Control measures</span></div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Culling is usually undertaken to control the infection when it is detected in animals. Besides culling, safe disposal of all such culled animals and animal products is also important. The authorities also need to strictly enforce decontamination of infected premises and undertake quarantine of contaminated vehicles and personnel</li>
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ias ssc rrbhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18096897358057854014noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-80831063534624143.post-34720055496072929722016-10-26T05:20:00.001-07:002016-10-26T05:20:00.661-07:00Kashmir’s Red Stag<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) is going to declare the Kashmiri Red Stag (also known as Hangul) as a Critically Endangered species.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">The critically endangered status to the Kashmiri Red Stag will help it to get more protection and enhance the conservation efforts to increase its rapidly declining population.</li>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">About Kashmiri Red Stag or hangul:</span></div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Known for its giant antlers bearing 11 to 16 points, Hangul has been hunted over centuries and its habitat destroyed, leading to its population in the wild plunging to a mere 150.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Historically, the Hangul was distributed in the mountains of Himalaya, Kashmir, Chenab Valley and Chamba district in Himachal Pradesh.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">However, there is only one viable population left today in the wild, which is largely confined to the Greater Dachigam Landscape (1,000 sq.km.), encompassing the Dachigam National Park (NP) and adjoining protected areas.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">It is listed under Schedule-I of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 and J&K Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1978 and has also been listed among the top 15 species of high conservation priority by the Government of India.</li>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">About Critically endangered species:</span></div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Critically endangered species are those that are almost extinct in the wild. Their numbers have become so few that they may have trouble breeding to keep the entire species viable without help from conservationists. In other words, they cannot find mates to produce young, or they take such a long time to mature that they often die before they can reproduce. By capturing members of the wild population to raise them in captivity and breed them there for later release back into the wild, conservationists try to keep the species alive.</li>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">About IUCN:</span></div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">It was founded in 1948. It is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. It is a leading non-governmental authority on the environment and sustainable development. It is also involved in data gathering and analysis, research, field projects, advocacy, lobbying and education. </li>
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ias ssc rrbhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18096897358057854014noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-80831063534624143.post-86260460593074822042016-10-24T04:25:00.001-07:002016-10-24T04:25:51.680-07:00Marine resources in India<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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The third largest and gifted ocean on the world <span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">‘Indian Ocean’ </span>surrounds India on three sides. Very few of us are aware of the<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"> t</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">reasures that surround us.</span> These marine resources are found in the oceans and seas. These are beneficial to humans. Resources include fish, coral reefs, fungi, minerals, etc. <br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Ocean resources represent wide range of resources present in it. Typically they are classified into 2 broad categories Biotic and abiotic resources. <br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">Biotic resources</span> comprise of fishes, seaweeds, planktons, sharks, turtles, marine mammals, etc. <br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">Abiotic resources</span> are sea mounds, energy resources (crude oil, natural gas), deposits (gold, red clay, manganese) and other dissolved elements (sodium chloride).</div>
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India has all different types of Marine Ecosystems present in the world. Zoological survey of India elaborated different ecosystems present in the ocean.</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">Coral Ecosystem</span>-Most dynamic ecosystem provides shelter and food to thousands o marine flora and fauna.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">Mangrove Ecosystem</span>- It reduces coastal erosion, a source of wood products, and a nursery ground for marine products.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">Estuary ecosystem- </span>Help in large scale of fishery wealth. It acts as a feeding and nursery ground for several marine spices.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">Seaweed ecosystem</span>- seaweed contains many trace elements, minerals, protein, iodine, vitamin, etc. The food products like jelly, jam, pickle are manufactured.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">Pelagic Ecosystem</span>-Most productive ecosystem in the marine ecosystem; maximum diversity is reported to occur in this region; sensitive to most environmental changes. Pelagic is upper portion of the sea water column where in different types marine organisms live</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">Benthic Ecosystem</span>- Productivity is relatively less to pelagic ecosystem; diversity is minimum, marine animals prefer this ecosystem. The Benthic ecosystem is the deeper part of the ocean where the sun light cannot reach. Even in the deepest ocean where light cannot reach millions of animals, bacteria live.</li>
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The<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"> tida</span>l (low and high) zone is very important for organisms they live both in soil, water and need sunlight. In addition to it, tidal energy is itself a resource used by man to generate power. Another very important non extractable and commercial resource is <span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">navigable routes</span>. This resource has expanded with the growing<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">technological capabilities.</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />However, there are some common threats to marine ecosystem such as <span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">invasive alien species</span>, overfishing, climate change, population, poverty, cyclone, tsunami, and earth quake and illiteracy are the major causes for decline in marine ecosystem.<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />India’s first research institute ‘<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">National center for Marine and Biodiversity</span>’ emphasis on coastal and marine area management and ensure sustainable development and hazard risk management. <br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />All I<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">ndian Ocean Rim countries</span> struggle with same issues and a lot of <span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">conservation effort</span> is required to protect these resources. A common regional framework should be made to solve common problems.</div>
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ias ssc rrbhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18096897358057854014noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-80831063534624143.post-60668306559023223182016-10-24T04:23:00.001-07:002016-10-24T04:23:02.564-07:00National Water Development Agency (NWDA)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"> NABARD has sanctioned loan worth Rs. 19,702 crore to National Water Development Agency (NWDA) for 50 irrigation projects from 11 States under Long Term Irrigation Fund (LTIF).</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">It is part of the government’s vision to double the farmers’ income by 2022.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">This loan is part of the Central share of assistance to State Governments and will ensure front loading of resources so that the identified incomplete irrigation projects under Pradhan Mandtri Krishi Sinchai Yojna (PMKSY) are executed in time.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">This would help complete not only the irrigation projects but also the Command Area Development works which are central to ensure full utilisation of irrigation potential so created.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Long Term Irrigation Fund (LTIF) was set up by NABARD.</li>
</ul>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 10px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">About Long term irrigation Fund:</span></div>
<ul style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px; padding: 10px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">In a move that aims to address the perennial irrigation water crisis affecting rural India, Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation and NABARD had operationalise the Long Term Irrigation Fund (LTIF) to be instituted in NABARD as part of Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY).</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">The Fund, with an initial corpus of about Rs 20,000 crore, was announced in the Union Budget 2016-17 by Finance Minister Shri Arun Jaitley.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Corpus would be raised by way of budgetary resources and market borrowings to fund fast tracking of implementation of incomplete major & medium irrigation projects.</li>
</ul>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 10px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">About Pradhan Mandtri Krishi Sinchai Yojna (PMKSY)</span></div>
<ul style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px; padding: 10px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">The major objective of PMKSY is to achieve convergence of investments in irrigation at the field level, expand cultivable area under assured irrigation, improve on-farm water use efficiency to reduce wastage of water, enhance the adoption of precision-irrigation and other water saving technologies (More crop per drop), enhance recharge of aquifers and introduce sustainable water conservation practices by exploring the feasibility of reusing treated municipal waste water for peri-urban agriculture and attract greater private investment in precision irrigation system.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">PMKSY has been conceived amalgamating ongoing schemes viz. Accelerated Irrigation Benefit Programme (AIBP) of the Ministry of Water Resources, River Development & Ganga Rejuvenation (MoWR,RD&GR), Integrated Watershed Management Programme (IWMP) of Department of Land Resources (DoLR) and the On Farm Water Management (OFWM) of Department of Agriculture and Cooperation (DAC).</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">The scheme will be implemented by Ministries of Agriculture, Water Resources and Rural Development.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Ministry of Rural Development is to mainly undertake rain water conservation, construction of farm pond, water harvesting structures, small check dams and contour bunding etc. MoWR, RD &GR, is to undertake various measures for creation of assured irrigation source, construction of diversion canals, field channels, water diversion/lift irrigation, including development of water distribution systems. Ministry of Agriculture will promote efficient water conveyance and precision water application devices like drips, sprinklers, pivots, rain-guns in the farm “(Jal Sinchan)”, construction of micro-irrigation structures to supplement source creation activities, extension activities for promotion of scientific moisture conservation and agronomic measures</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Programme architecture of PMKSY will be to adopt a ‘decentralized State level planning and projectised execution’ structure that will allow States to draw up their own irrigation development plans based on District Irrigation Plan (DIP) and State Irrigation Plan (SIP). It will be operative as convergence platform for all water sector activities including drinking water & sanitation, MGNREGA, application of science & technology etc. through comprehensive plan. State Level Sanctioning Committee (SLSC) chaired by the Chief Secretary of the State will be vested with the authority to oversee its implementation and sanction projects.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">The programme will be supervised and monitored by an Inter-Ministerial National Steering Committee (NSC) will be constituted under the Chairmanship of Prime Minister with Union Ministers from concerned Ministries. A National Executive Committee (NEC) will be constituted under the Chairmanship of Vice Chairman, NITI Aayog to oversee programme implementation, allocation of resources, inter ministerial coordination, monitoring & performance assessment, addressing administrative issues etc.</li>
</ul>
</div>
ias ssc rrbhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18096897358057854014noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-80831063534624143.post-76417534759677901742016-10-22T06:07:00.001-07:002016-10-22T06:07:59.732-07:00Law Commission suggestions on draft Bill on child abduction<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<ul style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px; padding: 10px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"> The 21st Law Commission in its first report has recommended a series of changes in the draft Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction Bill-2016, proposed by the Women and Child Development Ministry.</li>
</ul>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 10px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">Recommendation:</span></div>
<ul style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px; padding: 10px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">One-year jail term for wrongful retention or removal of a child from the custody of a parent. The offenders may include one of the parents or family, relatives and others.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Three months punishment for wilful misrepresentation or concealment of fact as regards the location or information about the child or for voluntarily preventing the safe return of the child.</li>
</ul>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 10px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction Bill, 2016</span></div>
<ul style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px; padding: 10px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Union ministry of women and child development (WCD) has drafted the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction Bill, 2016, which facilitates prompt return of any child under 16 who has been “wrongfully removed to or retained in other state which is not his/her habitual residence.”</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">This bill will provide an enabling legislation to implement the provision of the Hague convention that provides an expeditious method for returning a child.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Signing the convention will ensure enforcement of custody orders of foreign courts.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Presently, a parent takes advantage of the absence of a domestic law and knows if he/she brings the child to India it will be difficult to enforce the custody order of a foreign court.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">The draft law mandates setting up of a central authority, to be headed by a joint secretary level officer, where an aggrieved parent can approach for the return of a child. The authority would have the power to decide all such cases.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">In the US and Europe, inter-parental child abduction is a serious offence where the accused parent can go to jail on charges of abduction.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">As of now, in most of the matters decided by the Indian court, the criminal offence and its penalties are often not pressed by the aggrieved parent to enable a settlement in the matter in the best interest of the child</li>
</ul>
</div>
ias ssc rrbhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18096897358057854014noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-80831063534624143.post-29594244053818084802016-10-15T04:45:00.001-07:002016-10-15T04:45:34.189-07:00Global Hunger Index, 2016<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<ul style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: 'Source Sans Pro', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 16.8px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px; padding: 10px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"> India ranked 97th out of 118 countries on the International Food Policy Research Institute’s (IFPRI) Global Hunger Index (GHI) in 2016, behind Nepal, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, among others, but ahead of Pakistan and three other Asian countries. It was positioned at 80 out of 104 countries the previous year.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">India is faring worse than all its neighbours China (29), Nepal (72), Myanmar (75), Sri Lanka (84) and Bangladesh (90), except for Pakistan (107) in measures of hunger.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">According to the latest Global Hunger Index data, hunger levels in developing countries may have fallen 29% since 2000, but India is still rated as a country with ‘serious’ hunger levels in the 2016.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">India was ranked 83 in 2000 and 102 in 2008 with GHI scores of 38.2 and 36 respectively. This implies that, while hunger levels in India have diminished somewhat, the improvement has been outstripped by several other countries. Hence India's ranking is worse today than it was 15 years ago. In fact, Bangladesh was ranked 84 with a score of 38.5 in 2000, just below India. But in 2016, it has improved beyond India with a GHI score of 27.1 and a rank of 90 to India's 97.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Overall, global hunger levels are down by about 29% compared to 2000. Twenty countries, including Rwanda, Cambodia, and Myanmar, have reduced their GHI scores by over 50% each since 2000. And, for the second year in a row, no developing country for which data was available featured in the "extremely alarming" category .</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">While India has improved its score on various parameters over the past few years, two out of five children below five years of age are stunted in India. Stunting measures chronic malnutrition and affected children’s height would be considerably below the average for their age.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">The GHI is calculated by taking into account four key parameters: shares of undernourished population, wasted and stunted children aged under 5, and infant mortality rate of the same age group.</li>
</ul>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: 'Source Sans Pro', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 16.8px; margin-bottom: 10px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">About Global hunger index:</span></div>
<ul style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: 'Source Sans Pro', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 16.8px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px; padding: 10px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">The report is released by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">The hunger index ranks countries based on undernourishment, child mortality, child wasting (low weight for height) and child stunting (low height for age).</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">The GHI ranks countries on a 100-point scale. Zero is the best score (no hunger), and 100 is the worst, although neither of these extremes is reached in practice.</li>
</ul>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: 'Source Sans Pro', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 16.8px; margin-bottom: 10px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">Analysis:</span></div>
<ul style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: 'Source Sans Pro', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 16.8px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px; padding: 10px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Although India runs two of the world's biggest children's nutrition programmes, the ICDS for children under 6 years and the mid-day meal programme for school going kids up to the age of 14, malnutrition continues to haunt India.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Endemic poverty, unemployment, lack of sanitation and safe drinking water, and lack of effective healthcare are main factors for the sorry state.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Compared with previous years, marked improvement has taken place in child stunting and under-5 mortality rates but the proportion of undernourished people has declined only marginally from 17% in 2000 to the current 15%. The share of wasted children has inched down similarly.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">If hunger continues to decline at the same rate it has been falling since 1992, around 45 countries, including India, Pakistan, Haiti, Yemen, and Afghanistan will still have ‘moderate’ to ‘alarming’ hunger scores in year 2030, far short of the United Nations’ goal to end hunger by that year.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">India is slated to become the world’s most populous nation in just six years, and it’s crucial that we meet this milestone with a record of ensuring that the expected 1.4 billion Indians have enough nutritious food to lead healthy and successful lives.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Countries must accelerate the pace at which they are reducing hunger or we will fail to achieve the second Sustainable Development Goal.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Ending global hunger is certainly possible, but it is up to all of us that we set the priorities right to ensure that the government, the private sector and civil society devote the time and resources necessary to meet this important goal.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">The hunger index numbers indeed throw some serious questions on the course of ongoing government programmes to alleviate poverty and malnutrition in the country, and whether we have prioritised this problem the way it should be.</li>
</ul>
</div>
ias ssc rrbhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18096897358057854014noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-80831063534624143.post-66545392332091603462016-10-13T20:22:00.004-07:002016-10-13T20:22:46.234-07:00Public Debt Management Cell<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
The
Centre has decided to set up an independent agency to mange its debt.
As a precursor, the Finance Ministry will soon set up the Public Debt
Management Cell (PDMC) in the Budget Division.<br />
<b>About PDMC:</b><br />
<ul>
<li>The PDMC, which will have only advisory functions to avoid
conflict with statutory functions of the RBI, will plan government
borrowings, including market borrowings and domestic borrowing
activities like issuance of Sovereign Gold Bond.</li>
<li>The PDMC will also manage government’s liabilities, monitor cash
balances, improve cash forecasting, foster a liquid and efficient
market for government securities along with advising government on
matters related to investment, capital market operations, administration
of interest rates on small savings, among others.</li>
<li>PDMC will develop an Integrated Debt Database System (IDMS) as a
centralised database for all liabilities of government, on a near
real-time basis and undertake requisite preparatory work for PDMA. PDMC
will have 15 experienced debt managers from Budget Division, RBI, Middle
Office and other government units</li>
</ul>
<b>Functions of PDMC:</b><br />
<ul>
<li>The PDMC will at present only have advisory functions to avoid “any conflict” with the statutory powers of the RBI.</li>
<li>To start with, it would plan the borrowings of the Centre,
manage the Central government liabilities and monitor the cash balances.</li>
<li>It would also develop an integrated debt database system as a
centralised data base for all liabilities of the government on a near
real time basis.</li>
<li>It will also advise government on matters related to investment,
capital market operations and interest rates on small savings as well
as undertake requisite preparatory work for PDMA.</li>
</ul>
<b>Composition of PDMC:</b><br />
<ul>
<li>The PDMC would be staffed with 15 “experienced” debt managers
from the Budget Division, RBI, middle office and other units and would
be under the overall supervision of the Joint Secretary (Budget),
Department of Economic Affairs.</li>
</ul>
<b>Analysis:</b><br />
<ul>
<li>PDMC will allow separation of debt management functions from RBI
to the Public Debt Management Agency (PDMA) in a gradual and seamless
manner, without causing market disruptions. The cell will be converted
to a statutory authority in about two years’ time. This move would help
divest the RBI of its dual and often conflicting roles as the banker and
manager of the Centre’s borrowing.</li>
<li>PDMA will will bring both India's external borrowings and domestic debt under one roof.</li>
<li>The RBI walks a tight rope while balancing management of public
debt and controlling inflation. So, creating the PDMC is a welcome move,
which will help the RBI focus on controlling inflation</li>
<li>The idea of separating public debt management from the Reserve
Bank was initiated in 1991. Since then, a plethora of reports
culminating in the comprehensive Aziz committee report in September 2008
have vouched for it. Most OECD countries have established dedicated
debt management units. Several emerging economies like Brazil,
Argentina, Colombia and South Africa, have also restructured and
consolidated debt management. It said there are tangible benefits of
PDMA, the most important being divorcing borrowing costs from the repo
rate.</li>
<li>The need to set up a separate debt management agency was also
driven by the fact that RBI sets monetary policy as well as sells bonds
on behalf of the government. It was felt that the central bank may be
tempted to try and sell bonds at high prices, while keeping interest
rates low, leading to a conflict of interest.</li>
</ul>
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ias ssc rrbhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18096897358057854014noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-80831063534624143.post-65816395006536729902016-10-13T20:21:00.002-07:002016-10-13T20:21:21.549-07:00Janani Suraksha Yojana <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
A new study conducted by India Human Development Survey (IHDS)
brings in first conclusive evidence of the role played by Janani
Suraksha Yojana (JSY) in reducing ‘socioeconomic disparities’ existing
in maternal care.<br />
<strong>Main highlights of the study:</strong><br />
<ul>
<li>According to the study, JSY has led to an enhancement in the
utilisation of health services among all groups especially among the
poorer and underserved sections in the rural areas, thereby reducing the
prevalent disparities in maternal care.</li>
<li>Three key services of maternal care were used for the analysis:
full antenatal care (full ANC), safe delivery, and postnatal care.</li>
<li>The increase in utilisation of all three maternal healthcare
services between the two rounds was remarkably higher among illiterate
or less educated and poor women.</li>
<li>The usage of all three maternal healthcare services by the OBC, Dalit, Adivasis and Muslim women increased between the surveys.</li>
<li>After the implementation of the JSY, there was generally a
narrowing of the gap between the less educated and more educated women
and between the poorer and richer women.</li>
<li>It was found that women in their early twenties were more likely
to avail of each of the three maternal health care services as compared
to their older women. Also, the incidence of women availing maternal
healthcare services decreases with the increase in the number of
children they have delivered.</li>
<li>The study notes that the gap in access to healthcare between the
marginalised group of women and those who are financially better-off
has declined since the advent of the JSY program. But, inequality in
access to maternal care persists</li>
</ul>
<strong>About Janani Suraksha Yojana:</strong><br />
<ul>
<li>Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY) is a safe motherhood intervention
under the National Rural Health Mission (NHM). It is being implemented
with the objective of reducing maternal and neonatal mortality by
promoting institutional delivery among poor pregnant women. The scheme
is under implementation in all states and Union Territories (UTs), with a
special focus on Low Performing States (LPS).</li>
<li>Janani Suraksha Yojana was launched in April 2005 by modifying the National Maternity Benefit Scheme (NMBS).</li>
<li>The NMBS came into effect in August 1995 as one of the components of the National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP).</li>
<li>The scheme was transferred from the Ministry of Rural
Development to the Department of Health & Family Welfare during the
year 2001-02.</li>
<li>The NMBS provides for financial assistance of Rs. 500/- per
birth up to two live births to the pregnant women who have attained 19
years of age and belong to the below poverty line (BPL) households.</li>
<li>When JSY was launched the financial assistance of Rs. 500/- ,
which was available uniformly throughout the country to BPL pregnant
women under NMBS, was replaced by graded scale of assistance based on
the categorization of States as well as whether beneficiary was from
rural/urban area.</li>
<li>States were classified into Low Performing States and High
Performing States on the basis of institutional delivery rate i.e.
states having institutional delivery 25% or less were termed as Low
Performing States (LPS) and those which have institutional delivery rate
more than 25% were classified as High Performing States (HPS).</li>
<li>Accordingly, eight erstwhile EAG states namely Uttar Pradesh,
Uttarakhand, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Rajasthan,
Odisha and the states of Assam & Jammu & Kashmir were classified
as Low Performing States. The remaining States were grouped into High
Performing States.</li>
</ul>
</div>
ias ssc rrbhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18096897358057854014noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-80831063534624143.post-58709466850709579302016-10-11T03:58:00.002-07:002016-10-11T03:58:27.183-07:00Indus Water Treaty: Can it become the Handle?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, Georgia, serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: italic;">
<strong><u><span class="text-node">TOPIC:</span></u></strong><strong> <em><span class="text-node">General Studies 2</span></em></strong></div>
<ul style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, Georgia, serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: italic; list-style-position: outside !important; margin: 1em 0px 1em 1em; padding: 0px 1em;">
<li style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><strong>India and its neighbourhood- relations.</strong></li>
<li style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><strong>Effect of policies and politics of developed and developing countries on India’s interests</strong></li>
</ul>
<div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #080000; font-family: Arial, Georgia, serif; font-size: 14px;">
<strong>Brief of Indus Water Treaty</strong></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #080000; font-family: Arial, Georgia, serif; font-size: 14px;">
The Indus water treaty divided the use of rivers and canals between two countries. Pakistan obtained exclusive rights for the three western rivers- <strong>Indus, Jhelum and Chenab</strong>. India retained rights for three eastern rivers- <strong>Ravi, Beas and Satluj</strong>.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #080000; font-family: Arial, Georgia, serif; font-size: 14px;">
<a href="http://iasbaba.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/indus-water-treaty-a.gif" rel="attachment wp-att-22483" style="color: #026ad9; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;"><img alt="indus-water-treaty-a" class="wp-image-22483 aligncenter img-responsive mediumImage" src="https://iasbaba.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/indus-water-treaty-a.gif" style="border: none; break-inside: avoid !important; clear: right; display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; max-height: 100%; max-width: 100%;" width="278" /></a></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #080000; font-family: Arial, Georgia, serif; font-size: 14px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #080000; font-family: Arial, Georgia, serif; font-size: 14px;">
<strong>Background</strong></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #080000; font-family: Arial, Georgia, serif; font-size: 14px;">
The confrontation between India and Pakistan following the attack at Uri army base has resulted in various options being discussed as far as India is concerned. While there are people who want instant retaliation, for others the diplomatic option is better. The spokesperson of the ministry of external affairs made a statement which raised the issue of Indus water treaty. The statement hinted that the Indus water treaty can be used as an option to teach Pakistan a lesson.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #080000; font-family: Arial, Georgia, serif; font-size: 14px;">
The genesis of the treaty lies in Pakistan’s absolute fear which is part genuine, part propaganda. It was in fear that if India builds dams on the rivers, Pakistan would be starved of water. Thus, in 1960, India entered into a treaty mediated by the World Bank in order to give Pakistan an assurance that it need not fear anything from India for water. This was done inspite of knowing the fact that this treaty was more beneficial to Pakistan as the <strong>western rivers have more water than the eastern rivers</strong>. When the treaty gave western rivers to India, India did not had any access to its waters except for only non-consumptive purposes. With this treaty, India hoped that Pakistan will feel more secure and therefore be less hostile towards India. However, this has never been realised.</div>
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In India thus, there has been a feeling in the significant sections of public opinion, who know about the treaty, that it has not served its purpose and has been far too generous. In J&K, the treaty is very unpopular as people feel that they have been riddled out of their fair share of water. Instead of using the river water that flows through their state, they have to rely on water which flow majorly through Punjab and Haryana.</div>
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The treaty has been so far upheld because India never raised it in case of any hostile bilateral relations between two nations. Also, India takes its treaties seriously. After 1972, India did not want third party mediation since the dispute mechanism clauses of the treaty provided that ultimately there will be representatives assigned by World Bank. And because of India’s such goodwill gesture, Pakistan has taken undue advantage of it and objected every project that India has tried to be built on western rivers even if they are for non-consumptive purposes.</div>
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<strong>What is creating fear in Pakistan now?</strong></div>
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Himalayan rivers carry lot of silt. At present, Pakistan’s main dam is Mangla dam. 30% of dam is silted and thereafter there is no place for storage. Kalabagh dam was planned between Sindh and Punjab border but stuck in interstate disputes. Thus, there are looming water crisis. Adding to the fire, the jihadis are spreading rumours that India has some kind of tap which they will shut and they all will be ruined because of non-availability of water. Thus, it is a measure to whip up the sentiments and create sense of fear and have succeeded to some extent.</div>
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Pakistan gets 135 million acre (ma) water whereas it does not have any plans to use not more than 105 ma. About 40 ma of water goes to sea in Pakistan. As against this, Punjab and Haryana need about 5-10 ma more water. So, India can renegotiate to divert from western to eastern rivers to solve the problems. But this problem has to be handled diplomatically and not by terminating a treaty. India has never mentioned Indus treaty as a response matter to any crisis. The idea that it can be used as a response measure to such a crisis is yet to be evaluated. Terminating a treaty does not hold much significance as there are no dams on Indus, Chenab or Jhelum to stop the water flow. Building dams and other reservoirs takes years to construct and operate. Hence, the water will anyway flow to Pakistan. But, as a long term measure, India has to renegotiate the treaty with fresh terms, where India gets some access to western river waters.</div>
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<strong>Why has India not utilised western river waters?</strong></div>
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Because, every time India started a project, the Pakistanis objected and put a stop to it. The dispute mechanism of the treaty was bizarre. It included third party would be chief justice of USA Supreme Court, Lord chief justice of UK as they held great importance during those times. Now that there is no third party involvement, India had to solve all the issues bilaterally. Hence, India could not use the water at all, even for non-consumptive purposes which the treaty provided. If India wants, it had to satisfy the Pakistanis, but they were never satisfied despite of endless rounds of discussion between Indus water commissioners. (Recent disputes over Baglihar and Kishenganga where Pakistan objected towards it.)</div>
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<strong>Should the Indus Treaty be re-considered?</strong></div>
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Pakistan has mismanaged its waters and despite all that, the treaty has been upheld by India. Still Pakistan accuses that India has been dubious on waters. But, if Indus Water treaty is being discussed as a response mechanism to Uri attack, it has to be part of well-thought out policy and strategy. It can’t be a kneejerk reaction and pandering to public opinion.</div>
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India is entitled to respond to the options in the background of the attacks and India does have some kind of strategic advantage with respect to Indus water treaty. But, India would not compromise on the quality and quantity of water as it is a functioning democracy with democratic and human ideals. However, this doesn’t close the option of re-negotiating the treaty. J&K has had grievances and they were not addressed adequately, thus, it might be an opportunity to do it. But, it might open the Pandora’s box. But, last time World Bank mediated, but these times certainly don’t present the platform where anything can be negotiated with Pakistan.</div>
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In 1960, it was a very simple and well-thought treaty. Pakistan received 80% of the water. It was the time when the natural flow teri dominated the field where the lower riparian had an upper hand. After 55 years, the treaty has created problem in Indian essence. India’s dependence on eastern rivers has not been sufficient to meet all requirements.</div>
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<strong>Conclusion- Will there be Indus treaty abrogation?</strong></div>
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Most likely not. This is the government’s way of telling Pakistan that it is tired of its proxy wars. Now, the ‘water’ has crossed its limit and it should not expect any sympathies.</div>
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Anyway, the mention of Indus water treaty was not the suo motu statement of MEA spokesperson but was responding to a question.</div>
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All treaties are based on set of objectives which require goodwill and good faith. Treaties have been abrogated by the countries in the past even for the treaties with timeline. In contrast, the Indus water treaty does not even provide specific time frame.</div>
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If India thinks that Pakistan is an enemy state and if Pakistan’s actions over last 56 years have demonstrated it conclusively, then this can be part of package which teaches Pakistan a lesson on how India is capable of retaliating in manner it wants.</div>
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<strong>Connecting the dots:</strong></div>
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<li style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span class="text-node">Water is lifeline of any nation. If India brings up Indus water treaty, Pakistan will feel threatened and this is what India aims at. Will this strategy be successful to tell Pakistan to mend its ways? Explain.</span></li>
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ias ssc rrbhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18096897358057854014noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-80831063534624143.post-28405345716560569982016-10-10T00:34:00.000-07:002016-10-10T00:34:39.204-07:00New UN Secretary General to be appointed<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
*10 October 2016* 🎤<br />
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Today's *_News Juice_* features the following articles:<br />
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*1.* New UN Secretary General to be appointed (Relevant for GS Mains Paper II)<br />
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*2.* Janani Suraksha Yojana pays dividends: Study (Relevant for GS Prelims, GS Mains Paper II)<br />
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*3.* Frivolous’ RTI pleas is becoming problematic, PMO issues advisory (Relevant for GS Mains Paper II)<br />
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*4.* Foreign medical graduates fail MCI exam (Relevant for GS Mains Paper II)<br />
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*5.* Need of Simpler law for Land Acquisition (Relevant for GS Mains Paper II)<br />
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*_⛳ News of the Day_*<br />
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*New UN Secretary General to be appointed (Relevant for GS Mains Paper II)*<br />
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The United Nations Security Council’s has a broad consensus in nominating António Guterres for the post of Secretary-General.<br />
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*Challenges before new Secretary General*<br />
Mr. Guterres will have to expediently attend to a number of pressing issues, including the worsening international refugee crisis and the scourge of terrorism, both in part linked to the debilitating Syrian war.<br />
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An equally challenging agenda point facing Mr. Guterres is to find creative ways to bridge the chasm between Western powers on the one hand and Russia and China on the other.<br />
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*Credentials of Mr. Guterres*<br />
His experience as the UN High Commissioner for Refugees will come in handy as he goes about negotiating to find shelter for and rehabilitate refugees from Syria, who at last count numbered well above four million worldwide.<br />
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*Procedure for appointment*<br />
Article 97 of the United Nations Charter determines that the Secretary-General is "appointed by the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council.”<br />
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As the recommendation must come from the Security Council, any of the five permanent members of the Council can veto a nomination.<br />
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Despite the Charter giving the General Assembly provisions to influence the selection process, the chosen Secretaries-General reflect that the selection process remains in the control of the Permanent Members.<br />
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Some customs have developed regarding the selection process, such as that the appointee may not be a citizen of any of the Security Council's five permanent members.<br />
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Last week, 13 of the 15 members of the Council, including the five veto-wielding permanent members, sent the name of the former Portugal Prime Minister to the General Assembly for final approval.<br />
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If the Assembly passes his nomination, then as the UN’s ninth Secretary-General<br />
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*About Secretary General*<br />
The Secretary-General of the United Nations (UNSG or just SG) is the head of the United Nations Secretariat, one of the principal organs of the United Nations. The Secretary-General also acts as the de facto spokesperson and leader of the United Nations.<br />
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The current Secretary-General is Ban Ki-moon of South Korea, who took office on 1 January 2007. His first term expired on 31 December 2011. He was re-elected, unopposed, to a second term on 21 June 2011. His successor is to be appointed by the General Assembly in 2016 and is expected to be António Guterres, former Prime Minister of Portugal.<br />
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ias ssc rrbhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18096897358057854014noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-80831063534624143.post-17829538471394009052016-10-08T23:47:00.001-07:002016-10-08T23:47:23.018-07:00India Egypt Relations<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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India and Egypt, two of the world’s oldest civilizations, have enjoyed a <i style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #3366ff;">history of close contact from ancient times.</span> </i>Even prior to the Common Era, Ashoka’s edicts refer to his relations with Egypt under Ptolemy-II.</div>
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The relations between India and Egypt have had a general tone of cooperation and cordiality to them. Where the political dispensation in India towards Egypt has been almost unflinchingly favourable and supportive since its independence, it has been the <span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><i style="box-sizing: border-box;">political developments in Egypt that have had a major bearing on the trajectory of the bilateral relationship.</i></span></div>
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In modern times, Mahatma Gandhi and Saad Zaghloul shared common goals on the independence of their countries, a relationship that was to blossom into an exceptionally close friendship between <span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><i style="box-sizing: border-box;">Gamal Abdel Nasser and Jawaharlal Nehru, l</i></span>eading to a <span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><i style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #3366ff;">Friendship Treaty</span> </i></span>between the two countries in <span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><i style="box-sizing: border-box;">1955</i></span>. The Non-Aligned Movement, led by Nehru and Nasser, was a natural concomitant of this relationship.</div>
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Their commitment to <span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><i style="box-sizing: border-box;">socialism</i></span> also kept both the leaders and countries drawn towards each other. After the end of the Nehru-Nasser era, the relationship between the two countries lost much of its old sheen. Subsequent leadership in both the countries has acknowledged the importance of the other, but there has been a discernible absence of any meaningful efforts from both sides to further strengthen the relationship.</div>
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Throughout the political turmoil in Egypt, India has consistently expressed solidarity with the people of Egypt appealing to the leadership to see the winds of change and address the aspirations of the youth.</div>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: red;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><u style="box-sizing: border-box;">Trade Relations: Export-Import</u></span></span></div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;">Egypt has traditionally been one of India’s most important trading partners in the African continent. The India-Egypt Bilateral Trade Agreement has been in operation since <span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><i style="box-sizing: border-box;">March 1978 </i></span>and is based on the Most Favoured Nation clause.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;">India is the sixth largest trading partner of Egypt – the second largest export destination and tenth largest import source for Egypt. India’s imports from Egypt were worth US$ 1.74 billion during FY 2014-15. It is significant to note that there has been diversification in the export basket of Egyptian products to India.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;">Indian exports to Egypt during FY 2014-15 have been recorded at US$ 3.02 billion. The top five Indian exports during FY 2014-15 were mineral fuels, meat, vehicles and parts, cotton yarn and organic chemicals. While the top five Indian imports were crude petroleum, rock phosphate, inorganic chemicals, cotton and fruits.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><i style="box-sizing: border-box;">Technical, Scientific cooperation and assistance</i></span> has been a major part of the bilateral relationship.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;">In the field of scientific cooperation, ICAR and the Agricultural Research Center of the Ministry of Agriculture & Land of Egypt signed a MoU for cooperation in the field of agricultural research in March 1998. An Agreement on cooperation in science and technology was also signed in October 1995. Cooperation in agriculture and Science & Technology is implemented through biennial Executive Programmes.</li>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: red;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><u style="box-sizing: border-box;">Suez Canal upgrade </u></span></span></div>
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The advantage of the Suez is that ships save as much as 10 nautical days at sea instead of sailing around Africa, and is today the fastest link between Asia and Europe accounting for almost 7% of global seaborne trade. It is a claim by economists that the project will not only expand (double) the capacity of the tonnage passing through the Suez Canal but more than double the annual revenue to $13.5 billion by 2023. For a country like India which does not have overland access to markets of Europe and North Africa, <span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><i style="box-sizing: border-box;">the Suez Canal is its lifeline.</i></span></div>
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Egypt is also giving shape to the <span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><i style="box-sizing: border-box;">Suez Canal Area Development Project</i></span> which would involve development of five new seaports in the three provinces surrounding the canal, a new industrial zone west of the Gulf of Suez, exclusive economic zones of around 460 sq.km around the waterway, huge fish farms, seven new tunnels to Sinai, a new Ismailia city, and a technology valley at Ismailia. India is looking to enhance its investment profile in these opportunities.</div>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: red;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><u style="box-sizing: border-box;">Pan Africa e-Network Project</u></span></span></div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;">The Pan Africa e-Network Project, one of the flagship programmes of the Indian Government to strengthen ties with Africa, has been operational through an <span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><i style="box-sizing: border-box;">E-learning Centre </i></span>since July 2009 at Alexandria University.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;">The Tele-medicine Centre under the Project also became operational in November 2009 at the Centre for Women’s Health and Development in Alexandria. The Alexandria University will soon be ready to serve as regional centre for the entire North Africa region both for e-learning and tele-medicine.</li>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: red;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><u style="box-sizing: border-box;">Cultural Links</u></span></span></div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;">The <span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><i style="box-sizing: border-box;">Maulana Azad Centre for Indian Culture (MACIC)</i></span> was set up in Cairo in 1992 to promote cultural cooperation between the two countries, through the implementation of the <span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><i style="box-sizing: border-box;">Cultural Exchange Programme (CEP)</i></span>.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;">The Centre, in addition to popularising Indian culture through <span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><i style="box-sizing: border-box;">Hindi, Urdu, Yoga and meditation classes, occasional dance classes, seminars, exhibitions and also organizes cultural festivals.</i></span></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;">The third edition of the ‘<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><i style="box-sizing: border-box;">India by the Nile’ (IBN)</i></span> annual India cultural held in Egypt from 29 March to 17 April 2015.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;">The three-week long festival included Manipuri folk dance, crafts exhibition and symposium, wellbeing experience to highlight the importance of yoga and Ayurveda, Bollywood Musical, Indian fusion band, street food festival,and a number of other events conceived and organised on the principle of public private partnership.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;">In its outreach activities, the Indian Cultural Centre also organizes India Day(s) in other governorates and universities.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;">Yoga has gained popularity in Egypt with 14 schools in Cairo, besides centres in other cities. The International Day of Yoga was celebrated with enthusiasm. There is also a growing interest in traditional medicines.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;">The strong ties between India and Egypt are evident from the affection towards India amongst the population. Three streets in Cairo are named after Indian leaders namely, Mahatma Gandhi, Pandit Nehru and Dr. Zakir Hussein. There are two busts Mahatma Gandhi – one in Cairo at the Supreme Council of Culture and the other one in Alexandria at the Bibliotheca Alexandria.</li>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: red;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><u style="box-sizing: border-box;">Other areas of collaboration </u></span></span></div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;">Both countries seek each other as important in establishing <span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><i style="box-sizing: border-box;">peace and stability in their region.</i></span></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;">The two leaders highlighted the leading role of India and Egypt in the maintenance of international peace and security, being among the ten largest troop and police contributing countries in United Nations missions.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;">The increasing dominance of IS in Syria and Middle-Eastern countries is now laying its root in Egypt also which is a great threat to Egyptian denizens.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;">Latest developments in West Asia and North Africa region, the spread of extremism and radicalization and the scourge of terrorism are the gravest threat to international security and peace.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;">There is an urgent need for cessation of hostilities in Syria and expressed concern over humanitarian crisis in the country and India-Egypt share a common ideology on the issue.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;">India-Egypt supports the people and government of Iraq in their efforts to overcome the existing crisis to uphold Iraq’s national sovereignty and territorial integrity.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;">Egypt is also an important source of crude and oil for India.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;">The magnitude of the <span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><i style="box-sizing: border-box;">Zohr gas </i></span>find raises again the prospect of export of Egyptian LNG, and with the recent expansion of the Suez Canal – even to the Asian market competing with Qatari and Iranian gas exports. The discovery of <span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><i style="box-sizing: border-box;">Zohr proclaims the East Mediterranean as the new frontier in oil and gas production.</i></span></li>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: red;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><u style="box-sizing: border-box;">Latest Visit of Egyptian President to India on 1-3 September, 2016</u></span></span></div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;">Egyptian President Abdel Fattah Al-Sisi said Egypt and India will build a <span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">“robust defence and security cooperation.”</span></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;">will work on evacuation of people from areas hit by natural disasters or conflicts.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;">India and Egypt will upgrade economic and trade ties, increase mutual visits, intensify counter terror cooperation, and work on renewable energy.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;">An <span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">Agreement on maritime transport</span> which was described by Mr. Modi as an “important enabler” for increased trade and commerce.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;">agreed to further our defence and security engagement aimed at expanding <span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">defence trade, training and capacity building, greater information and operational exchanges to combat terrorism</span> and cooperation on emerging challenges of <span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">cyber security.</span></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;">Both leaders noted the importance of <span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><i style="box-sizing: border-box;">cultural exchange </i></span>and agreed there should be more <span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><i style="box-sizing: border-box;">cultural and academic exchanges </i></span>to promote closer understanding and linkages, especially among the youth.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;">The two leaders agreed to expand cooperation in the <span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><i style="box-sizing: border-box;">field of space</i></span> utilising India’s expertise in launching satellites and other advances in space technology.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;">The two leaders agreed that a special and enlarged “<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><i style="box-sizing: border-box;">India by the Nile Festival”</i></span> would be held in 2017 to commemorate the 70th anniversary of India’s independence. They also welcomed the proposal to have the inaugural “<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><i style="box-sizing: border-box;">Egypt by the Ganga Festival” in 2017.</i></span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: red;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><u style="box-sizing: border-box;">Other potential areas of collaboration </u></span></span></div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;">India-Egypt dynamics has all the components of a very strong bilateral engagement. It is time to take the next leap forward.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;">Egypt has traditionally been one of India’s most important trading partners, and currently we are the second largest destination for Egypt’s exports. However, this can be increased significantly. We have yet to fully tap sectors like <span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><i style="box-sizing: border-box;">textiles, apparel machinery, automotive components, chemicals and consumer goods.</i></span></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><i style="box-sizing: border-box;">Manufacturing</i></span>, too, offers some great prospects. In positioning India as a manufacturing and R&D hub under the ‘Make in India’ initiative, some serious exploration is required of the biggest strength of Egypt, which is also its key business driver — the country’s geo-strategic location. A manufacturing base in Egypt would allow our industry to access markets in Europe, Africa and West Asia.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><i style="box-sizing: border-box;">Infrastructure</i></span> is another area of opportunity. India’s experience in developing economic corridors, metro projects, housing and urban development would be valuable to Indian players interested in participating at the Suez Canal Economic Zone and other similar projects.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;">The <span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><i style="box-sizing: border-box;">Digital India Programme</i></span> could be useful in Egypt’s development needs such as e-government solutions, new banking platforms, information management and low cost IT parks among others.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;">There are also emerging areas such as solar energy where India and Egypt come across as natural partners since the two countries already have an MoU on Renewable Energy Cooperation. There is tremendous scope for enhancement of such cooperation.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;">India could also tap Egypt with its huge gas resources as a top priority source of <span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><i style="box-sizing: border-box;">fertilisers like urea,</i></span> and make it an important partner in its quest for food security.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;">Further, the two countries can work together on sectors such as SME and pharma as well.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;">Nurturing of entrepreneurial habits is critical today to fuel the economic engine of any economy and Egypt is no exception. The ‘Startup India’ movement to boost entrepreneurship at the grassroot levels paves the way for collaboration between India and Egypt.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;">Educators and capacity building institutions from both sides could collaborate to find mechanisms to foster entrepreneurship and instil competitiveness.</li>
</ul>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: red;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><u style="box-sizing: border-box;">Conclusion</u></span></span></div>
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For India, better relations with Egypt not only present an opportunity to build on historical ties, but also to forge an enduring partnership to meet emerging global challenges of energy security, terrorism and climate change.</div>
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With the passage of time India has emerged as an important player in the world. With a stable democracy, growing economy and development in science and technology it offers a window of several opportunities for cooperation. Egypt is emerging from the turmoil of Arab Spring while simultaneously facing a number of security and economic challenges. The current leadership in both countries has shown deep interest in reviving the bilateral ties; thus both must find issues of common concern to cooperate on, which would give a much needed thrust to the relationship</div>
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ias ssc rrbhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18096897358057854014noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-80831063534624143.post-87071361231516248772016-10-07T03:12:00.002-07:002016-10-07T03:12:33.123-07:00National Mission on Bioeconomy<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<a href="http://abhimanuias.com/DailyCurrentAffairs-Category/17/Economic-Affairs-General-Studies--Paper-III-By-abhimanu" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3c8dbc; font-family: 'Source Sans Pro', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 16.8px; text-decoration: none;">Economic Affairs </a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Source Sans Pro', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 16.8px;">| </span><a href="http://abhimanuias.com/DailyCurrentAffairs-Issue/5221/Sustainable-Development-Economic-Affairs-General-Studies--Paper-III-By-abhimanu" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3c8dbc; font-family: 'Source Sans Pro', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 16.8px; text-decoration: none;">Sustainable Development </a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Source Sans Pro', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 16.8px;">| </span><a href="http://abhimanuias.com/DailyCurrentAffairs" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3c8dbc; font-family: 'Source Sans Pro', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 16.8px; text-decoration: none;">View Recent Current Affairs</a><br />
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"> The National Mission on Bioeconomy has launched in Shillong, Meghalaya by the Institute of Bio-resources and Sustainable Development (IBSD).</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">The mission is unique to south-east Asia and India has become one of the few countries to tap bio-resources.</li>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">About this mission:</span></div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">The purpose of the mission is to boost rural economy by utilizing bio-resources. Besides, its optimum utilization can create a large number of jobs at village level.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">It also focuses on sustainable utilization of renewable biological resources for food, bio-energy and bio-based products through knowledge-based approaches.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">It has potential to generate new solutions for the planet’s major challenges in the field of energy, food, health, water, climate change and deliver social, economic and environmental benefits.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Bioeconomy is a new concept and few countries like US, Canada, European Union (EU) and Australia have started initiatives in this field. India is the fast-growing bioeconomy at US 35 billion dollars in 2015, which can even rise to USD 100 billion in future.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">The Institute of Bio-resources and Sustainable Development (IBSD): It functions under the Department of Biotechnology, Union Ministry of Science and Technology.</li>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">Analysis:</span></div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Meghalaya and NE India being amongst the World’s top 10 biodiversity hotspots, has great potential to develop a vibrant bioeconomy for the socio-economic development of the region.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">USA, Canada, European Union and Australia, have established initiatives on Bioeconomy. However, India does not have a dedicated strategy and policy on Bioeconomy, even though it is rich in biodiversity. A latest estimate pegs India’s fast-growing Bioeconomy at US$35 billion in 2015, which can rise even to US$100 billion.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">National Mission on Bioeconomy envisages the development of a roadmap for an actionable policy recommendation involving all stakeholders for the transformation of India through job creation from small scale livelihood enterprises to commercial scale production for increased economic growth through technological packages to increase primary production, value addition of the unique bioresources through industrial biotechnology and provision of bio services, with tailored packages that are relevant to specific regions across India.</li>
</ul>
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ias ssc rrbhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18096897358057854014noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-80831063534624143.post-9666543087251380142016-10-07T02:29:00.002-07:002016-10-07T02:29:31.742-07:00Project SAKSHAM<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: 'Source Sans Pro', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 16.8px;"> </span><a href="http://abhimanuias.com/DailyCurrentAffairs-Category/17/Economic-Affairs-General-Studies--Paper-III-By-abhimanu" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3c8dbc; font-family: 'Source Sans Pro', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 16.8px; text-decoration: none;">Economic Affairs </a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Source Sans Pro', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 16.8px;">|</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Source Sans Pro', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 16.8px;"> </span><a href="http://abhimanuias.com/DailyCurrentAffairs-Issue/9/Fiscal-system-Economic-Affairs-General-Studies--Paper-III-By-abhimanu" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3c8dbc; font-family: 'Source Sans Pro', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 16.8px; text-decoration: none;">Fiscal system </a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Source Sans Pro', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 16.8px;">|</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Source Sans Pro', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 16.8px;"> </span><a href="http://abhimanuias.com/DailyCurrentAffairs" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3c8dbc; font-family: 'Source Sans Pro', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 16.8px; text-decoration: none;">View Recent Current Affairs</a></h3>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"> The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs has approved ‘Project SAKSHAM’, a New Indirect Tax Network (Systems Integration) of the Central Board of Excise and Customs (CBEC).</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">The total project cost involved is Rs.2256 crore which will be incurred over a period of seven years.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">It will help in: a) implementation of Goods and Services Tax (GST); b) extension of the Indian Customs Single Window Interface for Facilitating Trade (SWIFT) and ; c) other taxpayer-friendly initiatives under Digital India and Ease of Doing Business of Central Board of Excise and Customs.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">The implementation strategy for the project will be to ensure readiness of CBEC's IT systems by April, 1, 2017, when GST is to be introduced. The upgrade of the IT systems will be carried out while keeping the existing Tax-payer services running.</li>
</ul>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">Analysis:</span></div>
<ul style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: 'Source Sans Pro', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 16.8px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px; padding: 10px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">With the implementation of GST, the Union government expects the number of taxpayers under indirect tax laws to increase to about 65 lakh from the current 36 lakh. CBEC’s IT systems need to integrate with the GSTN for processing of registration, payment and returns data sent by GSTN systems to CBEC.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">It will also act as a front-end for other modules like audit, appeal and investigation. However, there is no overlap in the GST-related systems of GSTN and CBEC.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">IT infrastructure is also required for continuation of CBEC’s e-services in customs, central excise and service tax, implementation of taxpayer services, extension of SWIFT initiative and integration with government initiatives such as e-Taal, e-Nivesh and e-Sign.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Introduction of GST will result in a several-fold increase in the number of taxpayers and resultant document load on the system.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">CBEC's current IT system was set up in 2008. It cannot cater to the increased load under GST without an immediate upgrade of its IT Infrastructure. Further, CBEC has implemented the Indian Customs Single Window Interface for Facilitating Trade (SWIFT) and is integrating other partner agencies involved in Customs clearance in order to make the process simple and fast.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">The Customs EDI system which is currently operational at about 140 locations in India has to be extended to many more locations with improved response time and better service delivery. Taxpayers have to be given a facility for Upload of Digitally Signed Scanned Documents in order to reduce the physical interface with tax authorities and to increase the speed of clearance.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">CBEC also aims to introduce mobile services for taxpayers and departmental users to increase the outreach of its services.</li>
</ul>
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ias ssc rrbhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18096897358057854014noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-80831063534624143.post-27985182037616596662016-10-06T07:31:00.000-07:002016-10-06T07:31:24.953-07:00Cabinet approves amendments to the HIV and AIDS (Prevention and Control) Bill, 2014<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWH76w4DF_CUlt6ILZtn3R5KTlITSgc1Pb0ZGQIEdb6koM0iZZzpTQ7P0TPz5nocAfAOXmCO9BX3RpPimSpw_LgyNMITXtGhFVC04ToOrCzXdWurLDReYSaZbJjXVfnXdNB4nBeuYs9bw/s1600/hiv-curt.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="257" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWH76w4DF_CUlt6ILZtn3R5KTlITSgc1Pb0ZGQIEdb6koM0iZZzpTQ7P0TPz5nocAfAOXmCO9BX3RpPimSpw_LgyNMITXtGhFVC04ToOrCzXdWurLDReYSaZbJjXVfnXdNB4nBeuYs9bw/s320/hiv-curt.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 18px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The Union Cabinet has approved the amendments to the HIV and AIDS (Prevention and Control) Bill, 2014. This comes after the NDA government in July revived the bill to look into its flaws.</span></div>
<ul style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 18px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 15px 30px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The Bill was first introduced in Parliament by the UPA government in its last days in 2014 and aimed to make anti-retroviral treatment a legal right of HIV/AIDS patients.</span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The HIV and AIDS Bill, 2014 has been drafted to safeguard the rights of people living with HIV and affected by HIV.</span></li>
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<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 18px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">Key provisions in the bill</span>:</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 18px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The provisions of the Bill seek to address HIV-related discrimination, strengthen the existing programme by bringing in legal accountability and establish formal mechanisms for inquiring into complaints and redressing grievances.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 18px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 18px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">Role of governments:</span> </span></div>
<ul style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 18px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 15px 30px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Under the Bill, central and state governments are obliged to provide for anti-retroviral therapy (ART) and management of opportunistic infections (infections that take advantage of weakness in the immune system and occur frequently).</span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The bill also prohibits specific acts of discrimination by the state, or any other person, against HIV-positive people, or those living with such people.</span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Provisions related to discrimination:</span></span></div>
<ul style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 18px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 15px 30px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The Bill lays down penal provisions for any discrimination practised against a person with HIV/AIDS and breach of confidentiality.</span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The protection mandated in the Bill extends to the fields of employment, healthcare services, educational services, public facilities, property rights, holding public office, and insurance.</span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">It also provides for confidentiality of HIV-related information and makes it necessary to get informed consent for undertaking HIV tests, medical treatment and research.</span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Provisions related to ombudsman:</span></span></div>
<ul style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 18px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 15px 30px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The bill also provides for an ombudsman. According to the provisions of the Bill, an ombudsman shall be appointed by each state government to inquire into complaints related to the violation of the Act and the provision of health care services.</span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The ombudsman shall submit a report to the state government every six months stating the number and nature of complaints received, the actions taken and orders passed.</span></li>
</ul>
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<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 18px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Provisions related to guardianship:</span></span></div>
<ul style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 18px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 15px 30px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Provisions related to guardianship are also specified. A person between the age of 12 to 18 years who has sufficient maturity in understanding and managing the affairs of his HIV or AIDS affected family shall be competent to act as a guardian of another sibling below 18 years of age.</span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The guardianship will apply in matters relating to admission to educational establishments, operating bank accounts, managing property, care and treatment, amongst others.</span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Role of courts:</span></span></div>
<ul style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 18px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 15px 30px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Cases relating to HIV positive persons shall be disposed off by the court on a priority basis.</span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">In any legal proceeding, if an HIV infected or affected person is a party, the court may pass orders that the proceedings be conducted (a) by suppressing the identity of the person, (b) in camera, and (c) to restrain any person from publishing information that discloses the identity of the applicant.</span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">When passing any order with regard to a maintenance application filed by an HIV infected or affected person, the court shall take into account the medical expenses incurred by the applicant.</span></li>
</ul>
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<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 18px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">Background</span>:</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 18px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">There are approximately 21 lakh persons estimated to be living with HIV in India and the percentage of patients receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) treatment currently stands at a mere 25.82% as against the global percentage of 41%, according to the 2015 Global Burden of Diseases (GBD).</span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Sources: pib.</span></div>
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ias ssc rrbhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18096897358057854014noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-80831063534624143.post-30983023202779888222016-10-05T07:03:00.002-07:002016-10-05T07:14:17.191-07:00The battle over Bt cotton<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">What is Bt?</strong></div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a spore forming bacterium that produces crystals protein (cry proteins), which are toxic to many species of insects.</li>
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<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">Where is Bt found?</strong></div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Bt can be found almost everywhere in the world. Surveys have indicated that Bt is distributed in the soil sparsely but frequently worldwide.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Bt has been found in all types of terrain, including beaches, desert, and tundra habitats.</li>
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<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">How many kinds of Bt are there?</strong></div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">There are thousands of different Bt strains, producing over 200 cry proteins that are active against an extensive range of insects and some other invertebrates.</li>
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<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">Where is Bt used?</strong></div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Bt is largely used in agriculture, especially organic farming. Bt is also used in urban aerial spraying programs, and in transgenic crops.</li>
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<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">What is Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO)?</strong></div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">When a gene from one organism is purposely moved to improve or change another organism in a laboratory, the result is a genetically modified organism (GMO). It is also sometimes called “transgenic” for transfer of genes.</li>
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<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">Selective breeding technique and Transgenic technique:</strong></div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">There are different ways of moving genes to produce desirable traits. For both plants and animals, one of the more traditional ways is through <strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">selective breeding</strong>.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">For example</strong>, a plant with a desired trait is chosen and bred to produce more plants with the desirable trait.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">More recently with the advancement of technology is another technique. This technique is applied in the laboratory where genes that express the desired trait is physically moved or added to a new plant to enhance the trait in that plant. Plants produced with this technology are <strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">transgenic</strong>.</li>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Often, this process is performed on crops to produce insect or herbicide resistant plants, they are referred to as <strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">Genetically Modified Crops (GM crops)</strong>.</li>
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Most GM crops grown today have been developed to resist certain insect pests. There are GM plants being developed today to produce specific vitamins, resist plant viruses and even produce products for medical uses.</div>
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<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">What is Bt cotton?</strong></div>
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Bt cotton is a genetically modified organism (GMO) cotton variety, which produces an insecticide to bollworm. It is produced by Monsanto.</div>
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<em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Results of insect infestation on Bt (right) and non-Bt (left) cotton bolls.</em></div>
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<img alt="DNA 4th oct" class="size-full wp-image-22243 aligncenter img-responsive" height="207" sizes="(max-width: 359px) 100vw, 359px" src="https://iasbaba.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/DNA-4th-oct.png" srcset="http://iasbaba.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/DNA-4th-oct-300x173.png 300w, http://iasbaba.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/DNA-4th-oct.png 359w" style="background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.8); border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.952941); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0470588) 0px 3px 3px; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; display: inline; height: auto; margin: 5px auto 10px; max-width: 100%; padding: 5px; vertical-align: middle;" width="359" /></div>
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<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Pic link:</em></strong> <span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #3366ff; text-decoration: underline;"><a href="http://www.bt.ucsd.edu/assets/usda_cotton.jpg" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3366ff; outline: 0px !important;">http://www.bt.ucsd.edu/assets/usda_cotton.jpg</a></span></div>
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Bt cotton was the first genetically modified (GM) crop technology to be commercialised in India.</div>
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Three Bt cotton hybrids, developed by Mahyco Monsanto Biotech (MMB) joint venture, were approved by Indian authorities in early 2002.</div>
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<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">Bt cotton controversy</strong></div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">No data on Bt Cotton’s effectiveness under practical farming conditions</strong></li>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">NGOs have questioned the technology’s effectiveness</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Analysis of several years of Indian field trial data demonstrated that Bt technology can significantly reduce pesticide applications and increase effective yields under experimental conditions. This is in line with research from other countries.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">However, independent studies under practical farming conditions are not available in India and therefore, it is difficult to interpret the statements made by different interest groups.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">MMB claims sizeable benefits for Bt adopters</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Anti-biotechnology activists have declared the technology a complete failure</li>
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This controversy has become one of the focal points in the global debate on GM crops.</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">Monsanto vs Indian Farmers</strong></li>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Seed is the basis of agriculture; the means of production and the basis of farmers’ livelihoods.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">In less than two decades, cotton seed has been snatched from the hands of Indian farmers by Monsanto, displacing local varieties, introducing GMO Bt cotton seeds and coercing extravagant royalties from farmers.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Since Monsanto’s entry into India in 1998, the price of cotton seeds has increased by almost 80,000% (from ₹5 – ₹9/KG to ₹ 1600 for 450 gms). 300,000 Indian farmers have committed suicide, trapped in vicious cycles of debt and crop failures, 84% of these suicides are attributed directly to Monsanto’s Bt cotton.</li>
</ul>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">Monsanto, Indian farmers and the Govt of India</strong></li>
</ol>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: justify;">
There are 3 issues related to the state of seed and the current conflicts related to Monsanto, Indian farmers and the Govt of India.</div>
<ul style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 25px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">First is the farmers rights to reliable and affordable seed and with it the duty of the government to protect farmers right to livelihood and right to life. It is the government’s duty under Art 21 of the constitution to protect the life of all its citizens.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Second is the issue of IPRs, patents, royalty, technology fees in the context of false claims and a failing technology, and the duty of Government to act to revoke a patent according to Article 64 and Article 66 of the Indian Patent Act. There is a show cause notice served to Monsanto by the Central Government regarding the patent.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">The third is the issue of monopoly on seed. The Government has a duty to prevent monopolies being established. The issue of monopoly is before the Competition Commission of India which has stated that Monsanto has violated Competition laws and there is Prima Facie evidence of monopoly.</li>
</ul>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: justify;">
(In tomorrow’s DNA, we shall discuss the controversy surrounding Monsanto and patent protection.)</div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ff6600; text-decoration: underline;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">Connecting the dots:</strong></span></div>
<ul style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 25px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Write a brief note on genetically modified crops and how they differ from hybrid crops. What are the possible challenges and benefits of GM crops?</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">What do you understand by the term “Bt”? Discuss the controversy surrounding Bt Cotton in India.</li>
</ul>
</div>
ias ssc rrbhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18096897358057854014noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-80831063534624143.post-7667904153661291752016-10-01T23:49:00.003-07:002016-10-01T23:55:48.666-07:00GM Mustard Issue<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: justify;">
<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">What is a GM crop?</strong></div>
<ul style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 25px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">A GM or transgenic crop is a plant that has a novel combination of genetic material obtained through the use of modern biotechnology.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">For example, a GM crop can contain a gene(s) that has been artificially inserted instead of the plant acquiring it through pollination.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">The resulting plant is said to be “genetically modified” although in reality all crops have been “genetically modified” from their original wild state by domestication, selection, and controlled breeding over long periods of time</li>
</ul>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: justify;">
<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">Why GM Mustard in news?</strong></div>
<ul style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 25px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Recently GEAC i.e the government has deferred a decision on allowing commercial cultivation of Mustard DMH-11, a transgenic crop developed by Centre for Genetic Manipulation of Crop Plants at Delhi University.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">GM mustard (DMH11) is the first food crop to have applied for commercialisation after the indefinite ban on the GM brinjal by the Jairam Ramesh-led environment ministry in 2010.</li>
</ul>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 10px;">
<img alt="DNA 1 oct" class="wp-image-22114 aligncenter img-responsive" height="550" sizes="(max-width: 550px) 100vw, 550px" src="https://iasbaba.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/DNA-1-oct.jpg" srcset="http://iasbaba.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/DNA-1-oct-150x150.jpg 150w, http://iasbaba.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/DNA-1-oct-300x300.jpg 300w, http://iasbaba.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/DNA-1-oct-50x50.jpg 50w, http://iasbaba.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/DNA-1-oct.jpg 600w" style="background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.8); border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.952941); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0470588) 0px 3px 3px; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; display: inline; height: auto; margin: 5px auto 10px; max-width: 100%; padding: 5px; vertical-align: middle;" width="550" /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: justify;">
<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Picture Credit:</em></strong><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #3366ff; text-decoration: underline;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><a href="http://www.hindustantimes.com/rf/image_size_800x600/HT/p2/2016/02/08/Pictures/govt-may-support-gm-mustard-ht-delhi_6196d8cc-ce52-11e5-94bd-a06a76346e8f.jpg" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3366ff; outline: 0px !important;">http://www.hindustantimes.com/rf/image_size_800x600/HT/p2/2016/02/08/Pictures/govt-may-support-gm-mustard-ht-delhi_6196d8cc-ce52-11e5-94bd-a06a76346e8f.jpg</a></em></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: justify;">
<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">What is GM Mustard?</strong></div>
<ul style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 25px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">DMH-11 is a Genetically Modified (GM) mustard hybrid. Hybrids are normally obtained by crossing 2 genetically diverse plants from the same species.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">The 1st-generation offspring resulting from it has higher yields than what either of the parents is individually capable of giving. But there is no natural hybridization system in mustard, unlike in, say, cotton, maize or tomato. This is because its flowers contain both the female (pistil) and male (stamen) reproductive organs, making the plant naturally self-pollinating.</li>
</ul>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: justify;">
What scientist has done is to create a viable hybridization system in mustard using GM technology. The resulting GM mustard hybrid, it is claimed, gives 25-30% more yield than the best varieties such as<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">‘Varuna’ </strong>currently grown in the country.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: justify;">
Scientists at the Centre for Genetic Manipulation of Crop Plants (CGMCP) in Delhi University, however, showed that this problem could be addressed by crossing Indian mustard cultivars with juncea lines of East European origin like <strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">‘Early Heera’</strong> and <strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">‘Donskaja’.</strong> The combination of the 2 divergent gene pools enhanced the crossing options; the resultant F1 progeny were found to exhibit significant heterosis.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: justify;">
<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">What is a controversy about GM Mustard?</strong></div>
<ul style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 25px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Many scientist claim that at a time when sustainable farming and low-input agriculture are becoming the buzzwords, it is surprising that agricultural scientists continue to recommend crop varieties that will end up doing more harm to the environment and crop fields. GM mustard will require almost double the quantity of fertiliser and water.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Other <strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">health concerns of GM Hybrid Mustard</strong> include: allergenicity; gene transfer, especially of antibiotic-resistant genes, from GM foods to cells or bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract; and ‘out crossing’, or the movement of genes from GM plants to conventional crops, posing indirect threats to food safety and security.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">GM mustard can affect honeybees</strong> directly and indirectly through effecting flowering and pollen production. Protease inhibitors have proved detrimental to the longevity and behaviour of bees.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Regulatory weakness – <strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">The Genetic Engineering Approval Committee</strong>, which is responsible for approving large-scale releases and commercialisation of GMOs, functions under the Ministry of Environment and Forests and is not entirely independent.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">The case of the Review Committee on Genetic Manipulation that supervises and clears research activities and also small-scale field trials is even starker. It is part of the Department of Biotechnology, whose primary task is to promote biotechnology. DBT therefore is the promoter as well as the regulator. On several occasions, developers of transgenic crops have also been members of regulatory committees.</li>
</ul>
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<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: justify;">
<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">Should India Ban GM Crops?</strong></div>
<ul style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 25px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">GM technology has already been commercialized in India through Bt cotton, which is also based on incorporation of foreign genes derived from a soil bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis.country’s cotton production has gone up more than 2½ times since Bt hybrids were first planted in 2002. Nor has any evidence emerged really of Bt cotton causing any adverse human or animal health effects.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">While the likes of Pakistan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Philippines and Vietnam are adopting GM technology to improve crop yields and reduce input costs, we are still questioning its potential not on the basis of scientific evidence, but using emotional arguments.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Bangladesh was the 1st country to approve the commercial planting of Bt brinjal in late-2013, after being disallowed by India. Bt brinjal has been harvested over 2 seasons, with farmers deriving better marketable yields and incomes from its successful commercialization.</li>
</ul>
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<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">Conclusion</strong></div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: justify;">
In a current environment where climatic change would have negative effects on yield of many major crops which could seriously undermine food security, GM crops are the way forward. However at the same time to convince the opponents of GM crops to allow commercialization of GM crops we need a strong regulatory framework. What is therefore needed is an independent biotechnology regulatory authority, a single organization that will replace the multiple committees – at least six – that are part of the current regulatory structure. This authority would deal with the use of all GMOs in agriculture, pharmaceutical and biodiversity sector.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ff6600; text-decoration: underline;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">Connecting the dots:</strong></span></div>
<ul style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 25px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Write a critical note on the genetically modified crops and food production scenario in India with special focus on related policies.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Write a brief note on genetically modified crops and how they differ from hybrid crops. What are the possible challenges and benefits of GM crops?</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Discuss the controversy regarding GM Mustard in India. Critically examine whether India should ban GM crops?</li>
</ul>
</div>
ias ssc rrbhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18096897358057854014noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-80831063534624143.post-54994306445237063582016-09-30T18:57:00.000-07:002016-09-30T18:57:04.649-07:00the hindu 1/10/16<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/0ByUKfEHU7-o8SEpyLWw5Y3BXRkU</div>
ias ssc rrbhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18096897358057854014noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-80831063534624143.post-4111898493097607362016-09-30T06:39:00.001-07:002016-09-30T06:39:32.000-07:00mains syllabus ias ( civil services)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="entry entry-content" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: verdana, serif; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<div style="margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 10px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: green; text-decoration: underline;">Main Examination</span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff6600; text-decoration: underline;">Paper-A:</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 10px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: maroon; text-decoration: underline;">Paper 1:Any Indian Language</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 10px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
For this examination candidates have to choose one language from the Languages included in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution. This exam is not compulsory for applicants hailing from the States of Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland and Sikkim.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 10px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: maroon; text-decoration: underline;">Paper 2:English</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 10px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
This paper is conducted to test eligibility of aspirants and to check skills of aspirants in English and Indian Language concerned. Aspirants are selected on basis of some facts like how they understand these languages and how they express their ideas clearly and correctly.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 10px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
The pattern of questions would be generally as follows:-</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 10px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
(i) Comprehension of given passages</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 10px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
(ii) Precis Writing</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 10px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
(iii) Usage and Vocabulary</div>
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<div style="margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 10px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff6600; text-decoration: underline;">Paper B:</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 10px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: maroon; text-decoration: underline;">Paper 1: Essay</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 10px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
Candidates may be required to write essays on multiple topics. They will be expected to keep closely to the subject of the essay to arrange their ideas in orderly fashion and to write concisely Credit will be given for effective and exact expression.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 10px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: maroon; text-decoration: underline;">Paper 2: General Studies 1</span></div>
<ul style="list-style: square; margin: 20px 0px 20px 30px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">(Indian Heritage/ Culture, World History & Geography)</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Indian culture will cover the main feature of Art Forms, Literature and Architecture from olden to present times.</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Modern Indian history from about the middle of the eighteenth century until the present- significant events, personalities, issues</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">The Freedom Struggle – its various stages and important contributors /contributions from different parts of the country.</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Post-independence consolidation and restructuring within the country.</li>
</ul>
<div style="margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 10px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<ul style="list-style: square; margin: 20px 0px 20px 30px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"></ul>
<div style="margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 10px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: maroon; text-decoration: underline;">Part 3: General Studies 2</span></div>
<ul style="list-style: square; margin: 20px 0px 20px 30px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">(Governance, Constitution, Polity, Social Justice and International Relations)</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Functions and duties of the Union and the States, issues and challenges pertaining to the federal structure, devolution of powers and finances up to local levels and challenges therein.</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s interests.</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Effect of policies and politics of developed and developing countries on India’s interests, Indian diaspora.</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Important International institutions, agencies and fora- their structure, mandate.</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out of their design and implementation.</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Development processes and the development industry- the role of NGOs, SHGs, various groups and associations, donors, charities, institutional and other stakeholders.</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Parliament and State Legislatures – structure, functioning, conduct of business, powers & privileges and issues arising out of these.</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Statutory, regulatory and various quasi-judicial bodies.</li>
</ul>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 10px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: maroon; text-decoration: underline;">Paper 4: General Studies 3</span></div>
<ul style="list-style: square; margin: 20px 0px 20px 30px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">(Technology, Economic Development, Bio-Diversity, Environment, Security & Disaster Management)</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Inclusive growth and issues arising from it.</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Government Budgeting.</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Development, Bio diversity, Environment, Security and Disaster Management.</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Security challenges and their management in border areas; linkages of organized crime with terrorism.</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Food processing and related industries in India- scope and significance, location, upstream and downstream requirements, supply chain management.</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Various Security forces and agencies and their mandate.</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization of resources, growth, development and employment.</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation, environmental impact assessment.</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Disaster and disaster management.</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Linkages between development and spread of extremism.</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Land reforms in India.</li>
</ul>
<div style="margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 10px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: maroon; text-decoration: underline;">Paper 5: General Studies 4</span></div>
<ul style="list-style: square; margin: 20px 0px 20px 30px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">(Ethics, Integrity & Aptitude)</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Ethics and Human Interface: Essence, determinants and consequences of Ethics in human actions; dimensions of ethics; ethics in private and public relationships.</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Attitude: content, structure, function; its influence and relation with thought and behaviour; moral and political attitudes; social influence and persuasion.</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Emotional intelligence-concepts, and their utilities and application in administration and governance.</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Contributions of moral thinkers and philosophers from India and world.</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Human Values – lessons from the lives and teachings of great leaders, reformers and administrators; role of family, society and educational institutions in inculcating values.</li>
</ul>
<div style="margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 10px; padding: 0px;">
<span style="color: maroon; text-align: justify; text-decoration: underline;">Paper 6 and 7: Optional 1 (Of your choice)/ Optional 2 (Of your choice)</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 10px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
Candidates can choose any optional from the subjects, which are given below:</div>
<ul style="list-style: square; margin: 20px 0px 20px 30px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">List of optional subjects for Main Examination</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Agriculture</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Anthropology</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Botany</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><a href="http://recruitmentresult.com/online-chemistry-quiz/" style="color: #1313e9; text-decoration: none;">Chemistry</a></span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Civil Engineering</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Commerce and Accountancy</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Economics</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><a href="http://recruitmentresult.com/electrical-engineering-questions-and-answers/" style="color: #1313e9; text-decoration: none;">Electrical Engineering</a></span> Geography</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Geology</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">History</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Law</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Management</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Mathematics</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Mechanical Engineering</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Medical Science</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Philosophy</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><a href="http://recruitmentresult.com/physics-questions-and-answers/" style="color: #1313e9; text-decoration: none;">Physics</a></span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Political Science and International Relations</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Psychology</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Public Administration</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Sociology</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Statistics</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Zoology</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Literature of any one of the following languages: Assamese, Bengali, Bodo, Dogri, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani, Maithili, Malayalam, Manipuri, Marathi, Nepali, Oriya, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Santali, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu and English.</li>
</ul>
<div style="margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 10px; padding: 0px; text-align: center;">
<strong><span style="color: green; text-decoration: underline;"><br />IAS Exam Pattern</span></strong></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 10px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
Indian Administrative Service Exam is conducted in three parts. In the below section you may check pattern of your examination. According to this patter you may know weightage of any subject. So with the help of this you can easily qualify this exam. IAS exam is organized in three parts.</div>
<ul style="list-style: square; margin: 20px 0px 20px 30px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Preliminary Exam (Written)</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Main Exam (Written Exam And Interview)</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Interview</li>
</ul>
<div style="margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 10px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<ul style="list-style: square; margin: 20px 0px 20px 30px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"></ul>
<div style="margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 10px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: green;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Preliminary Examination</span>:</span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; width: 513px;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="top">Exam</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="top">Papers</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="top">Total Marks</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="top">Duration</td></tr>
<tr><td rowspan="2" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="top">Preliminary exam</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="top">Paper 1: General Studies</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="top">200 marks</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="top">2 hours</td></tr>
<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="top">Paper 2: Aptitude Skills</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="top">200 marks</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="top">2 hours</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 10px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: green;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Main Examination</span>:</span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; width: 513px;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="top">Exam</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="top">Papers</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="top">Total Marks</td></tr>
<tr><td rowspan="5" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="top">Main examination</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="top">Paper 1: One of the Indian languages chosen from the prescribed list</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="top">300</td></tr>
<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="top">Paper 2: English</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="top">300</td></tr>
<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="top">Paper 3: Essay</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="top">250</td></tr>
<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="top">Paper 4th/5th/6th/7th : General Studies (250 marks for each paper)</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="top">1000</td></tr>
<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="top">Paper 8th & 9th : Optional subject 1</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="top">500</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="top">Total Marks for written examination (Marks of English and Language will not be counted )</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="top">1750</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 10px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: green;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Interview Test</span>:</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 10px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
Aspirants who will qualify Preliminary and Main examination will be called for Interview. This Interview will be of 275 marks.In short, aspirants, who are going to appear in the Indian Administrative Service, Indian Police Service, Indian Revenue Service, Indian Forest Service and other examination, may get the UPSC IAS Syllabus and exam pattern through online mode. As per the official information, Union Public Service Commission recently published IAS, IPS, IRS, IFS posts Syllabus for selecting the concerned and qualified candidates so for better preparation, you may check 10 Useful <span style="text-decoration: underline;"><a href="http://recruitmentresult.com/tips-to-crack-ias-exam/" style="color: #1313e9; text-decoration: none;">Technique to Qualify IAS Exam</a></span>from our web portal.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 10px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<ul style="list-style: square; margin: 20px 0px 20px 30px; padding: 0px;"></ul>
<div style="margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 10px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="text-decoration: underline;">Note:</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 10px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
It is advisable to the applying aspirants to prepare according to the syllabus of the IAS Examination and they can also get the help form the previous years’ question papers as well to recognize the setup of IAS Question Papers. Candidates you may join us on Facebook and Google Plus to get latest updates about any exam, admit card or its result. If you have any query you may ask in comment box. We will try to solve it shortly.</div>
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</div>
</div>
ias ssc rrbhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18096897358057854014noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-80831063534624143.post-91770742422162873842016-09-30T06:33:00.001-07:002016-09-30T06:33:00.288-07:00prelims syllabus ias ( civil services)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #303030; font-family: Arimo, sans-serif; font-size: 15.008px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-top: 4px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<strong style="box-sizing: inherit;">I. Topics in Paper I : General Studies (200 Marks)</strong></div>
<ol style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #303030; font-family: Arimo, sans-serif; font-size: 15.008px; list-style: none; margin: 4px 0px 8px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 20px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; list-style: decimal outside; margin: 4px 0px 4px 15px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Current Events of National & International Importance.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; list-style: decimal outside; margin: 4px 0px 4px 15px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Geography of India as well as the World: Physical, Economic and Social Aspects.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; list-style: decimal outside; margin: 4px 0px 4px 15px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Polity & Governance of India: Constitution and the Political aspects.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; list-style: decimal outside; margin: 4px 0px 4px 15px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">General Science.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; list-style: decimal outside; margin: 4px 0px 4px 15px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The General Issues on Environmental Ecology, Climate Change and Bio Diversity.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; list-style: decimal outside; margin: 4px 0px 4px 15px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Economic & Social Development : Demography, Sustainable Development, Inclusion, Social Sector Initiatives, Poverty, etc..,</li>
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; list-style: decimal outside; margin: 4px 0px 4px 15px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Indian History & Indian National Movement.</li>
</ol>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #303030; font-family: Arimo, sans-serif; font-size: 15.008px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-top: 4px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<strong style="box-sizing: inherit;">II. Topics in Paper II : General Ability or Aptitude (200 Marks)</strong></div>
<ol style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #303030; font-family: Arimo, sans-serif; font-size: 15.008px; list-style: none; margin: 4px 0px 8px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 20px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; list-style: decimal outside; margin: 4px 0px 4px 15px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Comprehension.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; list-style: decimal outside; margin: 4px 0px 4px 15px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Logical Reasoning & Analytical Ability.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; list-style: decimal outside; margin: 4px 0px 4px 15px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">General Mental Ability.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; list-style: decimal outside; margin: 4px 0px 4px 15px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Comprehension Skills English language ( 10th Standard Level).</li>
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; list-style: decimal outside; margin: 4px 0px 4px 15px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Interpersonal Skills including Communication Skills.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; list-style: decimal outside; margin: 4px 0px 4px 15px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Decision Making & Problem Solving.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; list-style: decimal outside; margin: 4px 0px 4px 15px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Basic Numeracy (Orders of Magnitude, Numbers & their Relations, etc.., of 10th Standard Level), Data Interpretation such as Charts, Tables, Graphs, Data Sufficiency, etc.., (10th Standard Level).</li>
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; list-style: decimal outside; margin: 4px 0px 4px 15px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Question based on the English Language Comprehension Skills (10th Standard Level). (The Candidates will be tested through giving questions on the Passages without providing hindi translation for those Questions).</li>
</ol>
</div>
ias ssc rrbhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18096897358057854014noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-80831063534624143.post-57721760358064490912016-09-30T06:31:00.001-07:002016-09-30T06:31:41.367-07:00important articles <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Indian Constitution Articles:-<br />
☄☄☄☄☄☄☄☄☄<br />
प्रमुख अनुच्छेद.<br />
<br />
अनुच्छेद 1 :- संघ का नाम औ राज्य क्षेत्र<br />
अनुच्छेद 2 :- नए राज्यों का प्रवेश या स्थापना<br />
अनुच्छेद 3 :- राज्य का निर्माण तथा सीमाओं या नामों मे<br />
परिवर्तन<br />
अनुच्छेद 4 :- पहली अनुसूचित व चौथी अनुसूची के संशोधन तथा<br />
दो और तीन के अधिन बनाई गई विधियां<br />
अच्नुछेद 5 :- संविधान के प्रारं पर नागरिकता<br />
अनुच्छेद 6 :- भारत आने वाले व्यक्तियों को नागरिकता<br />
अनुच्छेद 7 :-पाकिस्तान जाने वालों को नागरिकता<br />
अनुच्छेद 8 :- भारत के बाहर रहने वाले व्यक्तियों का नागरिकता<br />
अनुच्छेद 9 :- विदेशी राज्य की नागरिकता लेने पर भारत का<br />
नागरिक ना होना<br />
अनुच्छेद 10 :- नागरिकता क अधिकारों का बना रहना<br />
*<br />
<br />
अनुच्छेद 11 :- संसद द्वारा नागरिकता के लिए कानून का विनियमन<br />
अनुच्छेद 12 :- राज्य की परिभाषा<br />
अनुच्छेद 13 :- मूल अधिकारों को असंगत या अल्पीकरण करने वाली विधियां<br />
अनुच्छेद 14 :- विधि के समक्ष समानता<br />
अनुच्छेद 15 :- धर्म जाति लिंग पर भेद का प्रतिशेध <br />
अनुच्छेद 16 :- लोक नियोजन में अवसर की समानता<br />
अनुच्छेद 17 :- अस्पृश्यता का अंत<br />
अनुच्छेद 18 :- उपाधीयों का अंत<br />
अनुच्छेद 19 :- वाक् की स्वतंत्रता<br />
अनुच्छेद 20 :- अपराधों के दोष सिद्धि के संबंध में संरक्षण<br />
**<br />
अनुच्छेद 21 :-प्राण और दैहिक स्वतंत्रता<br />
अनुच्छेद 21 क :- 6 से 14 वर्ष के बच्चों को शिक्षा का अधिकार<br />
अनुच्छेद 22 :- कुछ दशाओं में गिरफ्तारी से सरंक्षण<br />
अनुच्छेद 23 :- मानव के दुर्व्यापार और बाल आश्रम<br />
अनुच्छेद 24 :- कारखानों में बालक का नियोजन का प्रतिशत<br />
अनुच्छेद 25 :- धर्म का आचरण और प्रचार की स्वतंत्रता<br />
**<br />
<br />
अनुच्छेद 26 :-धार्मिक कार्यों के प्रबंध की स्वतंत्रता<br />
अनुच्छेद 29 :- अल्पसंख्यक वर्गों के हितों का संरक्षण<br />
अनुच्छेद 30 :- शिक्षा संस्थाओं की स्थापना और प्रशासन करने<br />
का अल्पसंख्यक वर्गों का अधिकार<br />
अनुच्छेद 32 :- अधिकारों को प्रवर्तित कराने के लिए उपचार<br />
अनुच्छेद 36 :- परिभाषा<br />
अनुच्छेद 40 :- ग्राम पंचायतों का संगठन<br />
अनुच्छेद 48 :- कृषि और पशुपालन संगठन<br />
अनुच्छेद 48क :- पर्यावरण वन तथा वन्य जीवों की रक्षा<br />
अनुच्छेद 49:- राष्ट्रीय स्मारक स्थानों और वस्तुओं का संरक्षण<br />
अनुछेद. 50 :- कार्यपालिका से न्यायपालिका का प्रथक्करण<br />
अनुच्छेद 51 :- अंतर्राष्ट्रीय शांति और सुरक्षा<br />
अनुच्छेद 51क :- मूल कर्तव्य<br />
अनुच्छेद 52 :- भारत का राष्ट्रपति<br />
अनुच्छेद 53 :- संघ की कार्यपालिका शक्ति<br />
अनुच्छेद 54 :- राष्ट्रपति का निर्वाचन<br />
अनुच्छेद 55 :- राष्ट्रपति के निर्वाचन की रीती<br />
अनुच्छेद 56 :- राष्ट्रपति की पदावधि<br />
अनुच्छेद 57 :- पुनर्निर्वाचन के लिए पात्रता<br />
अनुच्छेद 58 :- राष्ट्रपति निर्वाचित होने के लिए आहर्ताए<br />
अनुच्छेद 59 :- राष्ट्रपति पद के लिए शर्ते<br />
अनुच्छेद 60 :- राष्ट्रपति की शपथ<br />
अनुच्छेद 61 :- राष्ट्रपति पर महाभियोग चलाने की प्रक्रिया<br />
अनुच्छेद 62 :- राष्ट्रपति पद पर व्यक्ति को भरने के लिए निर्वाचन का समय और रीतियां<br />
अनुच्छेद 63 :- भारत का उपराष्ट्रपति<br />
अनुच्छेद 64 :- उपराष्ट्रपति का राज्यसभा का पदेन सभापति होना<br />
अनुच्छेद 65 :- राष्ट्रपति के पद की रिक्त पर उप राष्ट्रपति के कार्य<br />
अनुच्छेद 66 :- उप-राष्ट्रपति का निर्वाचन<br />
अनुच्छेद 67 :- उपराष्ट्रपति की पदावधि<br />
अनुच्छेद 68 :- उप राष्ट्रपति के पद की रिक्त पद भरने के लिए निर्वाचन<br />
अनुच्छेद69 :- उप राष्ट्रपति द्वारा शपथ<br />
**<br />
अनुच्छेद 70 :- अन्य आकस्मिकता में राष्ट्रपति के कर्तव्यों का निर्वहन<br />
अनुच्छेद 71. :- राष्ट्रपति और उपराष्ट्रपति के निर्वाचन संबंधित<br />
विषय<br />
अनुच्छेद 72 :-क्षमादान की शक्ति<br />
अनुच्छेद 73 :- संघ की कार्यपालिका शक्ति का विस्तार<br />
अनुच्छेद 74 :- राष्ट्रपति को सलाह देने के लिए मंत्रिपरिषद<br />
अनुच्छेद 75 :- मंत्रियों के बारे में उपबंध<br />
अनुच्छेद 76 :- भारत का महान्यायवादी<br />
अनुच्छेद 77 :- भारत सरकार के कार्य का संचालन<br />
अनुच्छेद 78 :- राष्ट्रपति को जानकारी देने के प्रधानमंत्री के<br />
कर्तव्य<br />
अनुच्छेद 79 :- संसद का गठन<br />
अनुच्छेद 80 :- राज्य सभा की सरंचना <br />
**<br />
अनुच्छेद 81 :- लोकसभा की संरचना<br />
अनुच्छेद 83 :- संसद के सदनो की अवधि<br />
अनुच्छेद 84 :-संसद के सदस्यों के लिए अहर्ता<br />
अनुच्छेद 85 :- संसद का सत्र सत्रावसान और विघटन<br />
अनुच्छेद 87 :- राष्ट्रपति का विशेष अभी भाषण<br />
अनुच्छेद 88 :- सदनों के बारे में मंत्रियों और महानयायवादी<br />
अधिकार<br />
*अनुच्छेद<br />
<br />
89* :-राज्यसभा का सभापति और उपसभापति<br />
अनुच्छेद 90 :- उपसभापति का पद रिक्त होना या पद हटाया<br />
जाना<br />
अनुच्छेद 91 :-सभापति के कर्तव्यों का पालन और शक्ति<br />
अनुच्छेद 92 :- सभापति या उपसभापति को पद से हटाने का<br />
संकल्प विचाराधीन हो तब उसका पीठासीन ना होना<br />
अनुच्छेद 93 :- लोकसभा का अध्यक्ष और उपाध्यक्ष<br />
अनुचित 94 :- अध्यक्ष और उपाध्यक्ष का पद रिक्त होना<br />
अनुच्छेद 95 :- अध्यक्ष में कर्तव्य एवं शक्तियां<br />
अनुच्छेद 96 :- अध्यक्ष उपाध्यक्ष को पद से हटाने का संकल्प हो तब<br />
उसका पीठासीन ना होना<br />
अनुच्छेद 97 :- सभापति उपसभापति तथा अध्यक्ष,उपाध्यक्ष के<br />
वेतन और भत्ते<br />
अनुच्छेद 98 :- संसद का सविचालय<br />
अनुच्छेद 99 :- सदस्य द्वारा शपथ या प्रतिज्ञान<br />
अनुच्छेद 100 - संसाधनों में मतदान रिक्तियां के होते हुए भी<br />
सदनों के कार्य करने की शक्ति और गणपूर्ति<br />
अनुच्छेद 108 :- कुछ दशाओं में दोनों सदनों की संयुक्त बैठक<br />
अनुत्छेद 109 :- धन विधेयक के संबंध में विशेष प्रक्रिया<br />
अनुच्छेद 110 :- धन विधायक की परिभाषा<br />
अनुच्छेद 111 :- विधेयकों पर अनुमति<br />
अनुच्छेद 112 :- वार्षिक वित्तीय विवरण<br />
अनुच्छेद 118 :- प्रक्रिया के नियम<br />
अनुच्छेद 120 :- संसद में प्रयोग की जाने वाली भाषा<br />
अनुच्छेद 123 :- संसद विश्रांति काल में राष्ट्रपति की अध्यादेश शक्ति<br />
अनुच्छेद 124 :- उच्चतम न्यायालय की स्थापना और गठन<br />
अनुच्छेद 125 :- न्यायाधीशों का वेतन<br />
अनुच्छेद 126 :- कार्य कार्य मुख्य न्याय मूर्ति की नियुक्ति<br />
अनुच्छेद 127 :- तदर्थ न्यायमूर्तियों की नियुक्ति<br />
अनुच्छेद 128 :- सेवानिवृत्त न्यायाधीशों की उपस्थिति<br />
अनुच्छेद 129 :- उच्चतम न्यायालय का अभिलेख नयायालय होना<br />
अनुच्छेद 130 :- उच्चतम न्यायालय का स्थान<br />
**<br />
अनुच्छेद 131 :- उच्चतम न्यायालय की आरंभिक अधिकारिता<br />
अनुच्छेद 137 :- निर्णय एवं आदेशों का पुनर्विलोकन<br />
अनुच्छेद 143 :- उच्चतम न्यायालय से परामर्श करने की<br />
राष्ट्रपति की शक्ति<br />
अनुच्छेद144 :-सिविल एवं न्यायिक पदाधिकारियों द्वारा<br />
उच्चतम न्यायालय की सहायता<br />
अनुच्छेद 148 :- भारत का नियंत्रक महालेखा परीक्षक<br />
अनुच्छेद 149 :- नियंत्रक महालेखा परीक्षक के कर्तव्य शक्तिया<br />
अनुच्छेद 150 :- संघ के राज्यों के लेखन का प्रारूप<br />
अनुच्छेद 153 :- राज्यों के राज्यपाल<br />
अनुच्छेद 154 :- राज्य की कार्यपालिका शक्ति<br />
अनुच्छेद 155 :- राज्यपाल की नियुक्ति<br />
अनुच्छेद 156 :- राज्यपाल की पदावधि<br />
अनुच्छेद 157 :- राज्यपाल नियुक्त होने की अर्हताएँ<br />
अनुच्छेद 158 :- राज्यपाल के पद के लिए शर्तें<br />
अनुच्छेद 159 :- राज्यपाल द्वारा शपथ या प्रतिज्ञान<br />
अनुच्छेद 163 :- राज्यपाल को सलाह देने के लिए मंत्री परिषद<br />
अनुच्छेद 164 :- मंत्रियों के बारे में अन्य उपबंध<br />
अनुच्छेद 165 :- राज्य का महाधिवक्ता<br />
अनुच्छेद 166 :- राज्य सरकार का संचालन<br />
अनुच्छेद 167 :- राज्यपाल को जानकारी देने के संबंध में मुख्यमंत्री के कर्तव्य<br />
अनुच्छेद 168 :- राज्य के विधान मंडल का गठन<br />
अनुच्छेद 170 :- विधानसभाओं की संरचना<br />
अनुच्छेद 171 :- विधान परिषद की संरचना<br />
अनुच्छेद 172 :- राज्यों के विधानमंडल कि अवधी<br />
अनुच्छेद 176 :- राज्यपाल का विशेष अभिभाषण<br />
अनुच्छेद 177 सदनों के बारे में मंत्रियों और महाधिवक्ता के अधिकार<br />
अनुच्छेद 178 :- विधानसभा का अध्यक्ष और उपाध्यक्ष<br />
अनुच्छेद 179 :- अध्यक्ष और उपाध्यक्ष का पद रिक्त होना या<br />
पद से हटाया जाना<br />
अनुच्छेद 180 :- अध्यक्ष के पदों के कार्य व शक्ति<br />
**<br />
अनुच्छेद 181 :- अध्यक्ष उपाध्यक्ष को पद से हटाने का कोई<br />
संकल्प पारित होने पर उसका पिठासिन ना होना<br />
अनुच्छेद 182 :- विधान परिषद का सभापति और उपसभापति<br />
अनुच्छेद 183 :- सभापति और उपासभापति का पद रिक्त होना<br />
पद त्याग या पद से हटाया जाना<br />
अनुच्छेद 184 :- सभापति के पद के कर्तव्यों का पालन व शक्ति<br />
अनुच्छेद 185 :- संभापति उपसभापति को पद से हटाए जाने का<br />
संकल्प विचाराधीन होने पर उसका पीठासीन ना होना<br />
अनुच्छेद 186 :- अध्यक्ष उपाध्यक्ष सभापति और उपसभापति<br />
के वेतन और भत्ते<br />
अनुच्छेद 187 :- राज्य के विधान मंडल का सविचाल.<br />
अनुच्छेद 188 :- सदस्यों द्वारा शपथ या प्रतिज्ञान<br />
अनुच्छेद 189 :- सदनों में मतदान रिक्तियां होते हुए भी साधनों का कार्य करने की शक्ति और गणपूर्ति<br />
अनुच्छेद 199 :- धन विदेश की परिभाषा<br />
अनुच्छेद 200 :- विधायकों पर अनुमति<br />
अनुच्छेद 202 :- वार्षिक वित्तीय विवरण<br />
अनुच्छेद 213 :- विध<br />
<br />
ानमंडल में अध्यादेश सत्यापित करने के<br />
राज्यपाल की शक्ति<br />
अनुच्छेद 214 :- राज्यों के लिए उच्च न्यायालय<br />
अनुच्छेद 215 :- उच्च न्यायालयों का अभिलेख न्यायालय होना<br />
अनुच्छेद 216 :- उच्च न्यायालय का गठन<br />
अनुच्छेद 217 :- उच्च न्यायालय न्यायाधीश की नियुक्ति<br />
पद्धति शर्तें<br />
अनुच्छेद 221 :- न्यायाधीशों का वेतन<br />
**<br />
<br />
अनुच्छेद 222 :- एक न्यायालय से दूसरे न्यायालय में<br />
न्यायाधीशों का अंतरण<br />
अनुच्छेद 223 :- कार्यकारी मुख्य न्याय मूर्ति के नियुक्ति<br />
अनुच्छेद 224 :- अन्य न्यायाधीशों की नियुक्ति<br />
अनुच्छेद 226 :- कुछ रिट निकालने के लिए उच्च न्यायालय की शक्ति<br />
अनुच्छेद 231 :- दो या अधिक राज्यों के लिए एक ही उच्च न्यायालय की स्थापना<br />
अनुच्छेद 233 :- जिला न्यायाधीशों की नियुक्ति<br />
अनुच्छेद 241 :- संघ राज्य क्षेत्र के लिए उच्च-न्यायालय<br />
**<br />
<br />
अनुच्छेद 243 :- पंचायत नगर पालिकाएं एवं सहकारी समितियां<br />
अनुच्छेद 244 :- अनुसूचित क्षेत्रो व जनजाति क्षेत्रों का प्रशासन<br />
अनुच्छेद 248 :- अवशिष्ट विधाई शक्तियां<br />
अनुच्छेद 252 :- दो या अधिक राज्य के लिए सहमति से विधि बनाने की संसद की शक्ति<br />
अनुच्छेद 254 :- संसद द्वारा बनाई गई विधियों और राज्यों के विधान मंडल द्वारा बनाए गए विधियों में असंगति<br />
अनुच्छेद 256 :- राज्यों की और संघ की बाध्यता<br />
अनुच्छेद 257 :- कुछ दशाओं में राज्यों पर संघ का नियंत्रण<br />
अनुच्छेद 262 :- अंतर्राज्यक नदियों या नदी दूनों के जल संबंधी<br />
विवादों का न्याय निर्णय<br />
<br />
<br />
अनुच्छेद 263 :- अंतर्राज्यीय विकास परिषद का गठन<br />
अनुच्छेद 266 :- संचित निधी<br />
अनुच्छेद 267 :- आकस्मिकता निधि<br />
अनुच्छेद 269 :- संघ द्वारा उद्ग्रहित और संग्रहित किंतु राज्यों<br />
को सौपे जाने वाले कर<br />
अनुच्छेद 270 :- संघ द्वारा इकट्ठे किए कर संघ और राज्यों के<br />
बीच वितरित किए जाने वाले कर<br />
अनुच्छेद 280 :- वित्त आयोग<br />
अनुच्छेद 281 :- वित्त आयोग की सिफारिशे<br />
अनुच्छेद 292 :- भारत सरकार द्वारा उधार लेना<br />
अनुच्छेद 293 :- राज्य द्वारा उधार लेना<br />
&अनुच्छेद 300 क* :- संपत्ति का अधिकार<br />
अनुच्छेद 301 :- व्यापार वाणिज्य और समागम की स्वतंत्रता<br />
अनुच्छेद 309 :- राज्य की सेवा करने वाले व्यक्तियों की भर्ती और सेवा की शर्तों<br />
अनुच्छेद 310 :- संघ या राज्य की सेवा करने वाले व्यक्तियों की पदावधि<br />
अनुच्छेद 313 :- संक्रमण कालीन उपबंध<br />
अनुच्छेद 315 :- संघ राज्य के लिए लोक सेवा आयोग<br />
अनुच्छेद 316 :- सदस्यों की नियुक्ति एवं पदावधि<br />
अनुच्छेद 317 :- लोक सेवा आयोग के किसी सदस्य को हटाया<br />
जाना या निलंबित किया जाना<br />
अनुच्छेद 320 :- लोकसेवा आयोग के कृत्य<br />
अनुच्छेद 323 क :- प्रशासनिक अधिकरण<br />
अनुच्छेद 323 ख :- अन्य विषयों के लिए अधिकरण<br />
अनुच्छेद 324 :- निर्वाचनो के अधिक्षण निर्देशन और नियंत्रण का निर्वाचन आयोग में निहित होना<br />
अनुच्छेद 329 :- निर्वाचन संबंधी मामलों में न्यायालय के<br />
हस्तक्षेप का वर्णन<br />
अनुछेद 330 :- लोक सभा में अनुसूचित जाति और अनुसूचित जनजाति के लिये स्थानो का आरणण<br />
अनुच्छेद 331 :- लोक सभा में आंग्ल भारतीय समुदाय का<br />
प्रतिनिधित्व<br />
अनुच्छेद 332 :- राज्य के विधान सभा में अनुसूचित जाति और<br />
अनुसूचित जनजातियों के लिए स्थानों का आरक्षण<br />
अनुच्छेद 333 :- राज्य की विधानसभा में आंग्ल भारतीय<br />
समुदाय का प्रतिनिधित्व<br />
अनुच्छेद 343 :- संघ की परिभाषा<br />
अनुच्छेद 344 :- राजभाषा के संबंध में आयोग और संसद की समिति<br />
अनुच्छेद 350 क :- प्राथमिक स्तर पर मातृभाषा में शिक्षा की<br />
सुविधाएं <br />
अनुच्छेद 351 :- हिंदी भाषा के विकास के लिए निर्देश<br />
अनुच्छेद 352 :- आपात की उदघोषणा का प्रभाव<br />
अनुछेद 356 :- राज्य में संवैधानिक तंत्र के विफल हो जाने की<br />
दशा में उपबंध<br />
अनुच्छेद 360 :- वित्तीय आपात के बारे में उपबंध<br />
अनुच्छेद 368 :- सविधान का संशोधन करने की संसद की<br />
शक्ति और उसकी प्रक्रिया<br />
अनुच्छेद 377 :- भारत के नियंत्रक महालेखा परीक्षक के बारे में<br />
उपबंध<br />
अनुच्छेद 378 :- लोक सेवा आयोग के बारे</div>
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